George Orwell and the Necessity of Honesty

Vladimir Lenin, the first leader of the Soviet Union, once stated â€Å"A lie told often enough becomes the truth. † In times of inclusive deception, it is only innate for humanity to be blinded by the truth in a vast sea of lies to the point in which the act of telling the truth becomes revolutionary. In George Orwell’s 1984, society is led by the fabrication of the truth in an attempt to create a perfect world. But this attempt merely creates a society built upon lies and corruption.Through this novel, George Orwell comments on the necessity for humans to tell the truth and confront lies, deceit, and prevarication because humanity will face detrimental consequences if they do not. Orwell stresses the importance of humanity to tell the truth by addressing the consequences of dishonesty inflicted on the human race. In the novel 1984, the Party’s slogan, â€Å"Who controls the past controls the future. Who controls the present controls the past,† reveals th e government’s pursuit to control all aspects of peoples’ lives.By altering history, the Party has absolute power of the present, limiting the psychological independence of its subjects by controlling their interpretations of the past. Individuals are forbidden to keep any account of their past, such as photographs and documents, and all recordings, great or small fade â€Å"away into a shadow-world in which, finally, even the date of the year is uncertain. † Therefore, the members of the society are willing to believe in any â€Å"truth† the Party feeds them.Due to the reliance of authority, humanity would become highly infantile and foolish. Just as infants depend on their parents’ guidance, all of human kind would act as little children, relying on authority to direct them to the truth. People would virtually have no memory of the past, so they would have no experience of emotions and would not know what emotions truly are. As a result, Orwell s uggests that people would not grow as human beings because they would be willing to believe in anything authority tells them, without doubting the fallacy of it.In turn, humans would not be able to distinguish right from wrong. Orwell comments on the necessity for humans to confront lies, deceit, and prevarication because humans will face insanity if they do not. In the novel, when Winston is confined in the Ministry of Love, O’Brien holds up four fingers and commands Winston to say he is holding up five fingers, despite the falsehood of that statement. Yet, Winston continually says â€Å"four† and is physically tortured as a result. Until he can no longer endure the pain, Winston finally clamors, â€Å"Five. Five. Five. But O’Brien accuses Winston of lying and inflicts more excruciating pain on him. Once again, O’Brien asks, â€Å"How many fingers am I holding up, Winston? † Winston then cries, â€Å"I don’t know. I don’t know. I d on’t know†¦Four, five, six—in all honesty I don’t know! † This reveals that human confrontation with lies, deceit, and prevarication leads to absolute insanity. Orwell comments on the practice of doublethink as very immoral and psychologically damaging to the human mind. This in turn will affect the happiness of humans, leaving them without hope and a reason to live.Thus, the main point of humankind would be serve the government and please authority. The search for even the simplest truth among the greatest lies can be treacherous because it easy for humans to be blinded by the truth. Through the novel 1984, Orwell voices his abhorrence on the human attempt in creating a perfect world, and he greatly accentuates the human need for humans to tell the truth and confront lies, deceit, and prevarication. Eventually, if humankind does not do exactly this, the future of society will lead to an ultimate demise.

Fun Home

About the book: Alison Bechdel’s father Bruce was a high school English teacher, a funeral home operator, and a man who worked tirelessly to restore his Victorian-era home to its original glory. He was a husband and father of three children. On the outside, the Bechdels were a functional nuclear family. However, soon after Bechdel came out to her parents, she learned her father was also gay and that he had sexual relationships with his students. Months after her announcement, her mother filed for divorce – and two weeks after that, her father got run over by a truck. Was it an accident? Was it suicide?Bechdel thinks it was the latter, and in Fun Home, she analyzes her memories, books, and family letters in an attempt to understand who Bruce was and why he chose a life that dissatisfied him so deeply. What I liked: Bechdel’s analysis of her and her father’s lives, and her ability to wed it to distinct visuals, was inventive and involving. I remember one pag e in particular where she mapped out the places where her father was born, lived, and died, and circumscribed the area within one tidy circle to reveal that all of these important things happened within one mile’s distance of each other.The narrative loops back and forth upon itself, and parcels out new information at a measured pace, showing the readers new facets of the same story as it progresses. I appreciated Bechdel’s depth of focus in both her writing and her visuals – nearly everything is in its right place. I admire how much effort went into writing and drawing something so emotionally painful, and how much more effort went into making it all look seamless. Summary: Alison Bechdel grew up with a father who was alternatingly distant and angry, an English teacher and director of the local funeral home (or â€Å"Fun Home†, as Alison and her siblings called it).Their relationship grew more and more complex until Alison was in college. Shortly after A lison had come out to her parents, she learned that her father was also gay†¦ but before she had more than a brief chance to process that news, he was dead. Whether the accident that killed him had been truly an accident or a suicide, Alison would never know, just one of the many mysteries left by her father for Alison to slowly and painfully unravel here. Review:The â€Å"look at my terrible childhood† flavor of memoir is my least favorite flavor, and is responsible for me thinking I didn’t like memoirs in general until relatively recently. I’ll happily grant Fun Home an exception, however, even though it technically does fall into that category. There are several reasons that it sets itself apart from the rest of its peers, but I think the primary reason is that Bechdel is not using her the trauma of childhood for laughs (although there are some humorous touches throughout) or for dramatic potential (although there’s certainly plenty of that as wel l).Instead, there’s a very palpable sense that she’s writing this memoir because she’s really trying to figure out her relationship with her father, and what it meant, and that putting her memories down on paper is the best way she can hope to make sense of it all. The narrative flow does jump backwards and forwards through time, repeating some parts of the story from different angles as they come to bear on different topics, giving it a feeling of â€Å"thinking out loud,† but even so, it doesn’t come across as feeling scattered or unpolished.It also helps that her analysis, both of her father and of herself, is extremely penetrating, with enough emotion to make it powerful but enough age and maturity to make it thoughtful. Bechdel’s prose is similarly both elevated and immediate, verbose and vocabulary-ridden, but still clear and forceful. The book is rife with literary allusions and direct textual comparisons, some of which I got, some of which surely went over my head, but which certainly set the intellectual tone of the book.Bechdel’s art is also great, and I really liked the juxtaposition of her own detailed drawings with the drawn reproduction of photographs, printed text, and her own diary entries. Overall, this was a very thoughtful and penetrating book. I’m sure that there are layers of meaning about homosexuality and the process of coming out that I, as a straight person, didn’t latch on to. But I think there’s also a message that’s applicable to everyone, about the secrets that our parents keep, and about who they really are, and how we, as children of our parents, can manifest those secrets without ever truly understanding them. out of 5 stars.Summary The entire story is present from the first few pages, in the antique decadence that contrasts peculiarly against father Bruce’s strict, volatile perimeters; his cut-off jean shorts; his nose stuck in The Nude by Kenne th Clark; and in Alison’s tomboyish supplication as a child for his affection, channeled instead into the house’s restoration, a House of Usher in reverse. â€Å"It was his passion. And I do mean passion. Libidinal. Manic. Martyred,† writes Bechdel, showing Bruce carrying a porch column bent over his back, wearing only shorts that would make the Village People blush.After Alison types and mails a letter from college telling her parents she is gay, her mother informs her that Bruce, a high school English teacher and part-time funeral home director, had been with men throughout their marriage. The first had been a farmhand at 14; one was even her babysitter, Roy. â€Å"I had imagined my confession as an emancipation from my parents, but instead I was pulled back into their orbit†¦ Why had I told them? I hadn’t even had sex with anyone yet. Conversely, my father had been having sex with men for years and not telling anyone. Four months later, Bruce die d in puzzling (read: suicidal) conditions. Alison impulsively links his death to her sexual revelation — â€Å"the end of his life coincided with the beginning of my truth. † Bechdel traces the fear of this correlation back and forth in time through bizarre, coded interactions with her parents. Watching her narrate cyclonically around this traumatic core — â€Å"a sort of inverted Oedipal complex,† the assertion of her â€Å"erotic truth† destroying her repressed father’s life — is a devastating, bittersweet head-trip.It is the reading equivalent of a photo mosaic: hundreds of tiny images of Alison forming an inescapably dominating image of Bruce. Fun Home also pulls off a portrait of how the invisible histories and private lives of parents impress unwittingly upon children emotionally and psychologically. Plenty of books attempt that, but fewer pull it off without connect-the-dots associations or posturing, fewer still with Fun House ’s effortless juggling of past, present and future.

Lesson plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Lesson plan - Assignment Example The main aim of the lesson plan in differentiation is show how students lean and how they display their learning to meet the specific goals, objectives and needs. iPad has been used in the preparation of lesson plans in story robe. The iPad is also used as a material or resource in teaching story robe. In the lesson plan, the instructor should state the objectives of the lesson. The instructor should also state how the tool will see to the implementation of these stated lesson objectives. Other resources apart from the iPad should be stated to help in the achievement of the objectives (Moll, 2003). The instructor should also show how the students used the tool, how they responded to the tool, whether he or she had any sample or material already developed to guide the students. The tool will be helpful in the lesson plan as it will help the instructor in the creation of creative apps for the story robe

Critical Thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 18

Critical Thinking - Essay Example Much of the corporate wealth in the region is in government hands. Earlier this year, the company won the auction for former GE Plastics with $11 billion, and it has significantly expanded its U.S. operations. In addition to that, it has acquired the U.K.’s Huntsman Petrochemicals Company last year. The company is currently investing about $20 billion annually in expanding capacity (Al†Salamah & Wilson, 2001). I chose SABIC because it has values that include inspiring employees by empowering them with clear and shared comprehension of the ethical boundaries that they must operate. More so, Engage diverse workforce by ensuring that they maintain respectful and welcoming work environment. In addition, it helps create a sustainable compliance with integrity framework. That is, it will support innovation in products in a highly regulated world. Thus, finally delivering growth by earning the trust of employees, customer and business collaborates and ensure that they always conduct business with a lot of integrity (Jasinska-Walc et al., 2015). One can describe the advantages of SABIC basing on the geographical environment. In addition to that, the countries’ regulatory framework of government in which SABIC operates their business, the political set up of the countries that SABIC have their manufacturing plants. Moreover, the taxation rules, regulations and policies of the countries, and finally the production and transportation costs. Cultural issues: cultures of different countries vary and can bring impact on the company accordingly. There are Promotional messages sent to the consumers who are responsible for the purchase decision, also the marketing message highly depends on cultural background of the user. Therefore, cultural awareness is essential when designing marketing strategies for the global markets. The views of the user are always in consideration (Jasinska-Walc et al., 2015). SABIC has used marketing strategies of the firms to learn more

NONE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

NONE - Essay Example The immigration has not only caused diversification in the societal structure but has increased the interactions between people belonging to various races and ethnic groups. The diversity within the American society has always been the subject of many debates and from an historical perspective, the concept of immigration has now become a part of the American society and it is nothing less than a culture melting pot. The economic stability in the United States had also attracted a number immigrants coming in from all over the world. One of the hypotheses held by anthropologists was that the Native Americans had descended from the wanderers of North East Asia who were then followed by the arrival of European settlers and then subsequent colonization at the hands of the British took place. United States gained their freedom from colonial rule and became an independent nation that worked on the principle of democracy that became major fad of the 19th century and further attracted people from various parts of Europe, Asia and south west regions of the globe. Ever since then, there has been a rise in the number of immigrants coming to America from all the over the world, particularly from Europe and slaves from Africa. Slavery became a trend that started around the year 1619, when a Dutch ship brought 20 to the shores of the Virginia territory and reached its height till its abolishment in the year 1865 by Abraham Lincoln after the American civil war. The American civil war was one period in the history of the United States, which was marked by a decline in immigration but as soon as it ended the pace was picked back up again. Considering the aforementioned facts about the history of US immigration, the concept of race had become synonymous with everyone but ethnic and cultural identities was something that the American society was still in the process of discovering. A second wave of European immigration took place from the central region; a number of Jews migrated

Microbial disease and immunology Assignment. Writing a scientific Essay

Microbial disease and immunology Assignment. Writing a scientific abstract - Essay Example 7 females), aged between 18-69 years, were divided into three groups based on severity of pulmonary TB infection as mild (infection in single lobe, no visible cavities), moderate (two or more lobes with/without cavities), and advanced (bilateral disease, multiple cavities). 12 healthy volunteers comprised the control group. Cytokine measurements were performed using ELISA. Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney tests, and Spearmans rank test were employed for statistical analysis. Levels of the four cytokines (Th1 type cytokines – IFN-y and Il-2, and Th2 type cytokines – IL-4 and IL-10) were significant in all the three groups; however, the pattern of circulating cytokines varied. Higher levels of Th1 cell type cytokines were seen in the mild group, while high levels of both Th1 and Th2 type cytokines were seen in the moderate group. Advanced patients had higher levels of Th2 type cytokines and lower levels of Th1 type cytokines. Thus, while cell-mediated immune responses are sig nificant in mild tuberculosis, advanced tuberculosis is characterised by impaired cell-mediated immune responses and enhanced humoral responses. It can be concluded that expansion of IL-4 and IL-10 producing T cells is positively correlated with the severity of pulmonary

Influences of muticultures from second generation such as Essay

Influences of muticultures from second generation such as Korean-American on self-constructing - Essay Example They often feel confused about their identity. This has been of particular interest and has prompted me to study whether own culture has a stronger influence in self-formation or one gets influenced by the culture in which one has grown up. According to Hofstede, culture is something that is learned and therefore is embedded in a society or nation (Wong, Everett & Nicholson, 2008). It is a mental programming that is developed early in life and reinforced later through the process of socialization. Even the natural act of thinking is modified by culture. Culture has a deep impact on the life of people and hence it provides a structured and highly consistent way of living that is not deliberately constructed. Culture is an underlying system that shapes personality traits and behaviors. The period between 18 to 25 years of age is the time when young adults develop a subjective sense of identity through experimentation and explorations (Xu, Shim, Lotz & Almeida, 2004). This period is very critical for the young adults as the ethnic identity of the young forms and develops during this period. The ethnic identity, defined as the individual’s sense of self within an ethnic group, becomes an integral part of the ethnic young adults social identity and a vital component of his or her self-concept or self-image. Furedi (2007) while discussing how the culture of fear is formed, states that people vary greatly in how much culture they apply in their lives. This determines the kind of people they will become. This process of ‘self-forming’ draws from the symbolic resources of the wider culture. Habits of thought and feeling influence the way individuals make sense of their experience. Bilingualism is common among the immigrants in America. A study of the second generation Asian Americans revealed that bilingualism impacts academic achievement and social mobility (Mouw & Xie, 1999). Replacing the immigrant language by English has provoked sentiments from the

Diabetes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Diabetes - Essay Example However, the International Diabetes Federation indicates that seven of the ten countries with the highest number of diabetics are in the developing world rather than where the medicines and treatments might be readily available. Increased risks of stroke and heart disease are associated with diabetes no matter where it strikes. â€Å"These life-threatening consequences strike people with diabetes more than twice as often as they do others† (American Diabetes Association, 2006). Further complications associated with diabetes include kidney disease, blindness, and the threat of amputations. â€Å"In some countries in the Caribbean and the Middle East, the percentage of the diabetic population ranges from 12 to 20 percent† (Dorfman, 2007). These numbers increase every year along with the rising costs associated with health care provisions. This discussion examines what diabetes is, the lifestyle and genetic risk factors of the disease and its potential health consequences. It will also discuss preventative measures as well as proper diet and care for those afflicted with the disease. A primary factor in diabetes is the level of insulin present in the body. Insulin is a chemical the body produces naturally to mange the induction of glucose into the system. When the body produces too little amounts of insulin, greater amounts of glucose are allowed to enter the bloodstream thereby causing the symptoms of the disease called diabetes. Glucose, a simple sugar, enters the body by way of ingested food and into every red blood cell via the bloodstream; the cells then break down the glucose which acts to supply energy throughout the body. Brain cells, as well as other organs, are fueled by glucose alone. In diabetics, the body does not keep a stable amount of glucose in the cells. This means the body has more than the necessary glucose levels immediately after a meal but too

Onsumer law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Onsumer law - Essay Example If the credit card provider and the bank, which is acting on behalf of the supplier/ Retailer are the same then only the transaction will have effect on only three parties. Consumer Credit agreements: In Consumer Credit Agreement the creditor provides finance to the debtor for purchase of goods and services and such finance shall be within the specified amount. The credit provided by the creditor to the debtor includes Credit sale and conditional sale such the agreements of bank overdraft and credit card, which are also termed as revolving credit or running account. Under these agreements the debtor purchases the goods and or services from the supplier or wholesaler or retailer etc and the creditor makes the payment for the debtor and such credit the creditor shall fix limit, from time to time. The further classification of these agreements are unrestricted credit agreements and restricted use credit agreements. Bank loans fall in the category of unrestricted credit agreements. ... Dealer is an Agent of Creditor: In accordance with Section 56 of the Consumer Credit Agreement a person who makes negotiations of a regulated agreements between the creditor and the debtor is called the agent of creditor, such person includes a dealer in hire-purchase and a retailer who allows the customer to pay through credit card for the goods supplied. This section gives the protection to the consumer by making creditor liable for any breach of contract of sale either due to misrepresentation or due to any reason, and giving liberty to the consumer to sue the creditor for the breach of contract of sale2. Liability of Creditors in Consumer Credit Agreement: Section 75 of the Consumer Credit Act 1974 provides that the creditor is liable for the default of the supplier and the debtor has a claim against the creditor similar to that of his claim against the supplier in the Consumer Credit Agreements such as hire-purchase, credit sale and conditional sales. The creditor is jointly and severally liable to the debtor. The consumer who purchases the goods from supplier or wholesaler or a retailer using the credit card has right to claim against credit card issuing company, which provides the credit card to the consumer3. Therefore the Section 75(1) and Section 56 of the Consumer Credit Act gives the protection to the consumers against the creditor such as the credit card issuing bank for any breach of contract of sale including implied conditions such as fitness and satisfactory quality as explained in the sale of goods act. This section provides to the consumer who makes the payment of the price of goods through the credit card, to claim against the supplier and also the

(a research proposal ) Employee satisfaction and firm performance Essay

(a research proposal ) Employee satisfaction and firm performance - Essay Example e are many studies, articles and research devoted to customer satisfaction, but the writings, theories and strategies related to employee satisfaction with job are few. The ideas that employee satisfaction is related to productivity in the same degree as customer satisfaction, appeared at the beginning of 90s, and it was confirmed in the practice and experience of various companies. The number of studies devoted to this problem constantly grows. The authors of the article, mentioned above, provided a scheme, defined as â€Å"the service profit chain†. (p. 15) This scheme included all necessary element of achieving success and prosperity for the company. These authors investigated experience of various companies from different branches of industry, and made important conclusions. They insisted that the correlation of employee and customer satisfaction with the profit directly influence company’s performance. The results of the study provided a basis for new patterns of managing success in business. The methods they observed, concentrate on the effect of employee job satisfaction and performance on â€Å"the value of products and services delivered so that managers can build customer satisfaction, loyalty and assess the corresponding impact on profitability and growth.† (p. 17) The authors add that â€Å"...the lifetime value of a loyal customer can be astronomical, especially when referrals are added to the economics of customer retention and repeat purchases of related products.† (p.17) The authors note: "Putting employees and customers in the spotlight is common to Quality programs. As anyone working in support of Quality knows, Quality doesn’t just happen. Those running a company must be fully committed to it. In the case of the companies under discussion, their CEOs and top managers exhibited a special kind of leadership. â€Å"CEOs of exemplary service companies emphasize the importance of each employee and customer. For these CEOs, the focus on customers and

Marketing Beer Essay Example for Free

Marketing Beer Essay This report illustrates the relationship of beer brands within the perceptual map in regards to alcohol content and price as well as implications for consumer behaviour. The perceptual map indicates that there are market segments in premium beers with high alcohol content. There is also a market segment for low cost beers with high alcohol content. The perceptual map also shows that there are potential business opportunities for premium beers with low alcohol content. The report also provides a high level summary of how beer companies can incorporate perceptual maps when devising their marketing strategy and implications that a perceptual map has for marketing managers. Perceptual maps can be used by marketing managers to determine where consumer’s view their brand of beer to be positioned relative to its competitors. It is a useful tool to identify direct competitors and potential niche opportunities. Table of Contents Introduction4 Perceptual maps and Beer5 Implications of perceptual maps on consumer behaviour5. Implications of perceptual maps on marketing strategy5 Hahn5 Heineken5 Conclusion5 Reference List5 Appendix – might not need this5 Introduction Beer originated in Iran over 7000 years ago. Over time, the beer industry grown to an amazing $(stats)bn industry. Beer consumption over time has increased rapidly, from ## to ##. The beer industry has evolved over time. Changing social and cultural influences have led to changes in the beer industry, in particular in the categories of alcohol content and price of beer. Due to the popular demand of beer, marketing managers must devise sophisticated marketing strategies to sustain their competitiveness. One way in which they can determine where their brand is positioned relative to competitors is through perceptual maps. Perceptual mapping is a method whereby †¦get definition from textbook and cite Perceptual maps provide insight into where consumers view brands relative to others based on the dimensions provided as well as the ideal points for different brands. This report provides a perceptual map of how consumers view beer brands in relation to alcohol content and price. The report also explains how beer companies can incorporate perceptual maps when devising their marketing strategy and implications that a perceptual map has for marketing managers. Perceptual maps and Beer The component of beer market is ales, stouts ,bitters, low/no alcohol beers, premium lager, specialty beers and standard lager. The market is valued according to retail selling price (RSP) and includes any applicable taxes. The perceptual map of beer brands shown that consumer judge the similarity of alternative beer brands by cost and alcoholicity. There are 20 beer brands have been chosen. From the figure1, it indicated that more than half of beer brands are located in the area of full strength and premium. It illuminated that it is no one beer brand in the position of low cost and light. Implications of perceptual maps on consumer behaviour Implications of perceptual maps on the marketing strategy Hahn Hahn premium light is located on the perceptual map as a premium light beer, costing around $24-30 per case. The perceptual map indicates a cluttered market for premium light beer, illustrating Hahn to have a number of similar competitors. With the perceptual maps evaluative criteria, a defined marketing strategy has been constructed to make Hahn light beer stand out in the market. Its creative TV ad was more than successful, with the launch of its hilarious ‘Bean Bomb’ campaign, showing a bloke leaping from a hotel balcony onto a beanbag, propelling the woman sitting on it into the pool, with this, the ad has constructed the brand to be closely associated with the Australian sense of humor—and our love of a larrikin. Marketers have used its country of origin to capitalize on consumer’s bias in favor of their home and the existence of different countries stereotypes ultimately giving Hahn cultural significance and association. This campaign is followed up by the tag ‘some drink it to be responsible others just love the taste’ giving a satirical indication to its quality, further distinguishing it from its other competitors. The campaign was creative, risk-taking and appealing to its target audience—male light-beer drinkers who had felt less masculine and dull for drinking light beer. The ads empowered them to drink light beer with a masculine confidence and a sense of cultural belonging having the brand be associated with Australian stereotypes. Heineken Another brand of beer that has successfully penetrated the market is Heineken. Heineken is available in almost every country on the planet and is the world’s most valuable international premium beer brand. They currently stand as a premium and full strength beer on the perceptual map above which suggests that social status and the occasion for beer determines the choice of Heineken. Perceptual maps can be incorporated in developing or altering marketing strategies by plotting the points gained by surveys onto this map which allows the vast majority of consumer’s views seen in comparison to competitors, also sighting possible market segments as opportunities its direct competitors are Asahi Dry, Budweiser, Guiness, Carlsberg and Corona. In order to move away from increased competition and sluggish sales, Heineken has made an attempt to target the younger consumers, making it more appealing though various advertisements and promotions through outlets where younger consumers are affluent. Even as a successful company with an annual turnover of 11. 829 billion Euros in 2006, Heineken still lists goals and strategies for the coming years as stated on its website â€Å"The goal of Heineken is to grow the business in a sustainable and consistent manner, while constantly improving profitability. The four priorities for action include:† 1. To accelerate sustainable top-line growth. 2. To accelerate efficiency and cost reduction. 3. To speed up implementation: we commit to faster decision making and execution. 4. To focus on those markets where we believe we can win. In doing so, Heineken can guarantee a market for its consumers and remain a strong competitor in the future. Conclusion. Reference List http://www. heinekeninternational. com/strategyandgoals. aspx http://212. 204. 210. 71/kraitierientrial/WoH/heinekentoday03. html http://www. heinekeninternational. com/keyfigures. aspx? navid=12230000000050_136 60000000052 Consumer Behaviour – Implications for marketing stragergy 5th Edition Quester, Neal, Pettigrew, Grimmer, Davis, Hawkins Appendix – might not need.

Can Domestic Violence Be A Learnt Behaviour Social Work Essay

Can Domestic Violence Be A Learnt Behaviour Social Work Essay In this chapter the researcher will be researching if Domestic violence is a learnt behaviour. There are many different theories as to why men are more violent than women. These theories include biological theories, which focus on hormonal patterns and aggression; psychological theories, which focus on personality types and disorders; psychoanalysis, which looks at projection and displacement and sociological theories, which focus on concepts grounded in interpersonal, collective, institutional, structural or societal processes (Hearn 1998: 17).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Biological explanation suggests that women are understandably less violent than men. Maccoby and Jacklin (1975) explain how women show anger and their relationship towards men are different to men, which indicate that problems are resolved without any violence behaviour.   Biological theories explain how violence is occurred between male and female, this can be due to their chromosomes, hormones, genetics and territoriality. Following the consideration of biological explanation, into the researcher pathological theory. This theory explains the abuser is suffering from a pathological condition; this condition can be related on psychiatric illness or issues from temper of one or both partners. (Hague Malos, 1993; Johnson 1995) This theory was accepted in the 1970s when violence became very popular in families and caused many problems and issues. The United States carried out a study and focused on abused families they found that mothers were discrete of their violence from their children. Gayford (1978) cited in Johnson in 1995 researched that women that have been physically abused have a degree of incompetence. The person responsible for being an abuser are said to be weak, pathological jealous men that are lacking in low self esteem and are experiencing anxiety especially about their manliness. Hague Malos (1993) argue that these issues are still current in psychiatry and psychology; these issues have risen from the individual and not have been able to success through in their relationship (Hague M alos 1993). Finally the researcher explored social learning theory. Johnson 1995 analysed a theory called Social learning theory, this theory explains men being an abuser towards women as a learned behaviour. OLeary (1989) states that violence is taught violence, family members use this role if the family is stressed, has an aggressive personality style. The key features that trigger violence are martial trouble, alcohol abuse, when these factor emerge violence is likely to take place. Marsden (1997) also looked into this theory and argued OLeary statement he suggested the men who are violent in the adulthood were often abused whilst being children. The children became psychologically disturbed and observed the fathers behaviour that repeatedly battered them. Marsden (1997) also studied that if young girls that were also physically abused in their childhood may also think it is norm behaviour and may find themselves in vulnerable position with their partners. Another alternative theory also sugg ests that violence can be learned through life, by neighbours, gangs or certain professions for example police force and the army this can be reflected as the sub- culture model (Hague and Malos, 1993) In a cross culture study of family violence Hague (1997) found that some cultures had some family values and beliefs that highlight aggression and violence. In some family background wife beating and children beating is considered to be allowed in certain groups. Abusers often find themselves a part of a cycle, copying behaviour from their own fathers that had abused their mothers in their Muslim environment. As a result children learn this abusive behaviour and start to abuse their own wives, thinking and accepting this behaviour as normal. This is found to be an important aim because the longer the Muslim community allows abuse; the longer it will be observed and rein act from father to son, from generation to generation this will continue in a continuous cycle (Hague Malos 2003) Anand (2003) research and recognized that mainly women experienced domestic violence in their own homes, and it is due to men being responsible for this behaviour. It has been shown an increasing recognition that living, growing and observing in an environment of violence can lead to effects on children in their development, either to deal with direct abuse, observed violence to their mothers or have had a change in the atmosphere and environment of their home. While there is no consistent reaction to living with domestic violence, Friedberg (2000) highlights those children who have lived in the background of domestic violence may have mild mental health issues, compared to children from a non-violent home. The Department of Health framework working Together to Safeguard Children document (1999) states, prolonged and/or regular exposure to domestic violence can have a serious impact on a childs development and emotional well-being (section 2.21). Domestic violence has showed an influ ence on a wider prospective for children of behavioural, physical and psychological scale line that could affect young children that have experienced this matter may result domestic violence on a short period of time or a longer term. Humphreys (2004) stated that different children react to different situations in a different way. Childrens behaviour responds to life experience of domestic violence are difficult and will vary according to a mass of factors that may influence the level of impact on their physical and mental well-being. These factors include: age, gender, race, disability, sexuality, relationship with main carer and siblings and individual children having a coping mechanism and survival strategies. Humphreys (2004) further outlines that young children between the ages of 3-5years old are more likely to have or show physical symptoms of the anxiety and distress, these children may present these fears by different behaviour and emotionally. When children start to become in their adolescent stage they may try to ignore the memories of past behaviour by turning to drugs for comfort, early marriage or pregnancy, running away, or draw attention by becoming a criminal. Boys and girls are shown to deal with experiences in different ways. A gender role can be stereotypical and may influence children to deal differently. According to Lupton and Gillespie (1994) and Hester et al (2000) Muslim children that are born with a disability may influence the impact of domestic violence, a woman who is pregnant and facing domestic violence may contribute the relation to the disability. Marsden (1978) researched and linked those children that were traumatised and witnessed domestic violence in the home children with show signs of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a type of continuing anxiety disorder following experience of a traumatic event. It is thought that a lack of incorporation from an early of secure attachment relationship can lead to long term cognitive, emotional and social difficulties during later childhood and adult life (Marsden 1978). According to Mernessi (1991), many children who have experienced abuse and/or neglect express insecure attachment patterns. Domestic violence may affect the parents to maintain a consistent relationship with their children and this will lead to further behaviour pattern (Mernessi 1991). Friedberg (2000) does a further study and finds that young children facing day to day life with domestic violence are less likely to have close physical contact with their parents and such parents are unaware of their behaviours and start to show negative signals. Domestic violence is also linked with high levels of child neglect and criticism. The type of relationship a mother gives a child may have an affected by additional factors in the situation of domestic violence such as physical injury, depression, drug and alcohol use and separation due to mother leaving or child running away. Violence and abusive father figures have been seen to be more distress, less physically attached, and use more negative control techniques such as physical punishment and verbal abuse, when having the responsibility to being a the primary carer role ( Friedberg 2000). When a woman is being abused not only is her parenting ability and her relationships with her children likely to be affected; there is also a higher possibility that children may be abused. Clark (2000) researched that domestic violence and child abuse occur together in 45-70% of cases; as a result domestic violence is now alleged to be a vital indicator of risk of harm to children, with the male naturally also the childs abuser. In some conditions women have used violence themselves but this is usually to prevent harsher action from their partner (Presscott Letko 1997). Research carried out (Shostack 2001) states that children who are abused physically and/or sexually and observe domestic violence are twice as much abused and show huge amount of distress. (Shostack 2001) states that children that witness violence to their mothers can have a more of an impact to their lifestyle rather than their own abuse having an impact to their behaviour. Not all theories can provide adequate answers, but when several theories are combined to provide a multi explanation, it presents a clearer picture of why Muslim men are more violent than women. These factors can include violence in Muslim community, family relationship, cultural norms and values, growing up in a Muslim society, the personality of the individual who miss-use substances, these factors may all merge to an explanation where violent behaviour is much more likely to happen (Ainsworth 2000).

The Marketing Director Of Nestle Company Marketing Essay

The Marketing Director Of Nestle Company Marketing Essay Introduction The assignment investigates about a marketing strategy, tactics for a new product innovation and product improvements of Nestlà ©, one of the fastest growing FMCG Company with its product innovations. In this assignment, the STP analysis and tactics of marketing is applied for the new product design of the existing product from Nestlà ©. Firstly, Wheelwright and Clark, 1992 state that New product development (NPD) is due to three reasons such as increasing international competition, the challenging markets and the diverse or various technologies. Montoya- Weiss and Calantone (1994) add that the success or failure of NPD depend on the performance and factors done by organisation according to the strategic factors, development process and market innovation skills. The total word count of the assignment is () excluding references and appendices. The overview of the company (market and existing portfolio of its products and brands) Nestlà © is a Swiss multinational packaged food company formed by the merger of the Anglo- Swiss Milk company in 1905 (Nestlà ©, 2012). It is not only the largest food company in the world possessing 8,000 brands and a range of products but also one of the shareholders of LOreal, the worlds largest cosmetics company (Tom Mulier, 2011). The logo of Nestlà © symbolizes not only the activities of the company but also illustrates the average modern family of two children where the tree symbolizes an oak and the birds thrushes. The blue colour logo characterizes purity, care and goodness (famouslogos.us, 2012). Figure 1: The logo of Nestlà © (Nestlà ©, 2012) Nestlà © has sustained great performance in UK and Ireland which is due to its well- known brands, Kit Kat and Nescafà © and gained good sales growth through the year, 2012. Moreover, its successful innovations such as Nescafà © Azera and Maggi brand had made the company, Nestlà © outstanding from its competitors- both major competitors (Unilever and Mass Incorporated and Kraft foods) and competitors from local markets. The company has invested more than  £500 million to launch next generation of world class manufacturing facilities in the UK. Additionally, the company will hire more than 300 employees for their Nescafà © Dolce Gusto plant, which has increased the market share to supply not only to the UK market but also to export markets around the world (Nestlà ©, 2012). The type of the NPD for Nestlà © Company Trott (1998) defines new products as the developments or variations on existing formats. Although the products have appeared before in the market, it is still new to the market due to the changing innovation of including application advice for the product. Among the brands from Nestlà ©, the new product development would be the combination of dairy products (condensed milk and sugar) and coffee in one packet. That is also known as the additions to existing product lines (Trott, 1998). What makes it different from the previous packaging is not because having more than one product but because of launching new product innovation which is different from its competitors products. Figure 2: New Product Design for Nestlà © Our new product will meet the functional needs such as Biogenic needs or Biogenic drives often known as physiological drives and satisfy the physical needs such as food, water, air and shelter (Solomon and Bamossy et al, 2010). According to the Maslows hierarchy of needs, it satisfies the physiological needs which in turn dominate an individuals attention (Chisnall, 1995). Importantly, the needs of people differ according to the individuals unique history, learning experiences and the cultural environment and background (Solomon and Bamossy et al, 2010). Moreover, Motivation is the psychological process that allows consumers to recognize the needs (Wells and Prensky, 1996). Therefore, the new product of Nestlà © will definitely give positive motivation to customers where they will find out the positive mood, pleasure and comfort where it will lead to operant conditioning where the attractiveness of the product will provide the consumers through their benefits (Evans, Jamal and Foxal l, 2009). Segmentation through Demographic, Psychographics, Values, Culture and Influencing factors Clearly, the purpose of segmentation, a creative process is to fulfil customers needs and requirements creating competitive advantage for the company. However, Weinstein (1987) argue that companies treat everyone is their customers not targeting as segments groups in most companies. Macdonald and Dunbar (1998) explain that according to the Ansoff matrix, our new product includes in extending existing products to new segments. They suggest that a clear and realistic goal is necessary for a company as it plays a crucial role in the marketing planning process. Therefore, select segmented customers play an important role as targets for marketing activity and then develop a unique marketing program to carry out the prospects. Segmentation creates opportunities for the company where they can meet customers needs not only for today but also for the future (Macdonald and Dunber, 1998). Firstly, to know who to focus on and why, then we need to identify attractive segments from United Kingdom to know the consumer criteria. The Ethnicity results of 2001 Census show that 85.67% of proportions of total UK population are White British. 1.8% is of Indian, 1% is of Black Caribbean and 0.4% is of Other Asian excluding Chinese. See more in Appendix (). According to Evans, Jamal and Foxall (2010), consumer psychographics consist of lifestyle, personality and self- image. However Ries and Trout (1972) suggest that learning Psychographics, we become to recognize and understand about the values, perceptions, lifestyle, attitudes and motivations of the people. The lifestyle groups of people from UK are self- actualizers, innovators, esteem-seeker, strivers, contented conformers, traditionalists and disconnected The Consumer Insights Social Value Groups (2005), 18% of UK population like to self- actualises. Antonides and Raaij (1998), claim that values play an important part in Christianity and West European Culture. The values of UK can be learnt according to the indexes of Greet Hofstede (1991). Ronen and Shenkar (1985) stated UK as one of the Anglo countries. According to Hofstedes maps, UK ranks small on Power Distance and weak Uncertainty. Besides, amongst the types of self- congruence and self concept motives, Jamal and Goode (2001) investigate that individuals with higher levels of self-image congruence prefer higher levels of satisfaction. Thus, the attitudes towards buying new product behaviour can change with Heider (1958) theory. Targeting for the new Nestlà © product The target market of Nestlà © would be demographic targeting (N generation and Generation X or Baby Busters). Adam Smith Institute (1998) mentions that Generation Y or the millennial generation sometimes known as N generation are between ages 16 to 33 year old in 2010. Coupland (1991) indicates that age ranges from 34 to 44 year olds in 2010 are Generation X or Baby Busters. Ahmad, 2002 remark that over 20 million people in UK are of baby boomers (45-65 year olds in 2010) which can be estimated as 25 million by 2021. Moreover, Benefits sought can differ according to the social classes. See the social classes of UK (2008) in Appendix. Middle class people consume healthier food than the low ones. According to Freuds psychoanalytic theory, middle class people show superego structure from their conscious mind and control their behaviour according to morals and values. Oppositely, people who grew up in poverty are observing for physiological and safety needs from Maslows hierarchy of needs. Therefore, we should motivate these people to have healthy nutrients. In order to attract new product of Nestlà ©, the influencers are important as people are usually addicted to what the influencer speaks. Therefore, M Evans and C Fill being cited in Evans et al (2010) explain that opinion formers are targeted first and after that opinion leaders may receive the information from the opinion formers. But Antonides and Raaij (2010) claimed that opinion formers are informed via social contents by opinion leaders as they know new products via mass media. So, opinion leaders can give positive or negative advice and further information to opinion formers as they are influenced by opinion leaders. Park and Lessig (1997) suggest that information influence helps a lot in motivating people buying behaviour as they ask first from relatives upon which products to buy when they consider buying a product. Consequently, the motivation can acquire from external environment (Evans, Jamal and Foxall, 2010). McGuire (1974, 1976) show that cognitive motives can make individuals need for being adaptively concerned with headed for the environment and for attaining a sense of meaning. He and Greenberg, (2009) explain that cognitive dissonance motivates customers of the inconsistency between their attitude and behaviour, and encouraging a change headed for sustainable behaviour. Evans, Jamal and Foxall (2010), suggest that Maslow hierarchy of needs shows the motivational hierarchy of people. Positioning Fifield (2007) states positioning possesses an idea or perception in the customers attention. While Shimp (2011) defines that positioning has two actions namely, brand in (the consumers mind) and against (competitive positioning strategies). However, Clancy and Krieg (2000) show that positioning is all about stating a short statement or message to imprint in customers minds. Nowadays, most companies are expanding their positioning strategies to appeal more segments (Kotler et.al, 2005). For new Nestlà © product, the communication message Time Saving is crucial to receive the customers attention (Evans, Jamal and Foxall, 2009). This would be positioning based on functional needs to deliver solutions to consumers current consumption-related difficulties or potential problems by telling that the brand has specific benefits capable of solving those problems (Shimp, 2011). It becomes product related attributes as it offers product advantages such as saves time, affordable and convenient to carry which in turns motivates customers and creates values for their wants. Nevertheless, Kotler et.al (2005) outline that the competitive advantage being low and high quality influence on products position. For Nestlà ©, firstly, Nestlà ©s current position in the mind of consumers will be supported where introducing unoccupied position which values consumers and allowing reposition the competition. Finally, a company should deliver and communicate the desired position to target consumers because the companys marketing mix- product, price, place and promotion support its positioning strategy. Importantly, Nestlà © should support its position through performance and communication avoiding changes that might confuse consumers (Kotler et.al, 2005). Marketing Mix Strategies Product Kotler et. al, 2005 explain product offers market for attention, acquisition which satisfies customers needs and wants. A product can be physical objects, services, persons, places, organisations and ideas. Actual product of new Nestlà © includes its features, design, band name and packaging. It is vital to gain strong brand equity to capture customers loyalty and preference (Kotler et.al, 2005). Aaker (1991) recommend that a brand is a distinguishing name or symbol (such as a logo, trademark, or pack design) intended to identify the goods and services of either one seller or a group of sellers, and to differentiate those goods or services from those of competitiors. In order to launch the brand extension or brand stretching, new product can easily get recognition whereby saves high advertising cost. Essentially, a failure of brand extensions sometimes occur Brand dilution which may damage consumer attitudes towards other products as well (Kotler et al, 2005). For the new product, the original logo and name of Nestlà © would use. This could bring several advantages not only gaining customers attention because of creating a good product quality but also enabling the supplier to attract a loyal and profitable set of customers. As the package colour is of green and gold which is likeability legally protectable and made with higher- quality products. Packaging, an activity of designing the container or wrapper of a product for new Nestlà © can fulfil customers coffee breaks as it saves time and budget for them. For the new product, the logo and slogan will be the same as the original Nestlà © product. The design of the new product comes with 20 small packets inside a huge pack. Also the product is available with a small one whereas including 3 ingredients. This new packaging style would bring several benefits for the customers since it includes three products at the same time which offers the basic problem solving for them. They can easily carry and consume it whenever they go or can keep it since it comes along with zip-lock pattern. Moreover, it saves time for the customers when they are having a cup of coffee which in turn offers augmented benefits. Furthermore, it provides core benefits to middle class people. Since it is a consumer product therefore, consumers frequently purchase it for their own consumption. Furthermore, product quality has a direct impact on product performance; therefore, Nestlà © should link its new product quality to customers value and satisfaction (Kotler et.al, 2005). Nestlà © firstly should create quality level to support the new products position in the target market. Customer- driven strategy should introduce here to create a better quality for customers. The Product life cycle identifies a products sales and profits over its lifetime (Kotler et.al, 2005). During Introduction stage, since the product is new, the profits are negative or low because of the low sales and high distribution and promotion expenses. A rapid penetration strategy should apply to get fastest market penetration and largest market share (Kotler et al, 2005). If the new product meets market needs in the growth stage, sales will start increasing. Thus, the early adopters will begin buying and later buyers will start following their lead, because of the word-of- mouth. Later, new competitors will enter the market. It is essential to aware the product not to reach to maturity and to decline stage. The PLC of existing Nestlà © brands and new product is shown in Appendix (). Price Obviously, among the 4 elements of marketing mix, Price only can bring revenues. It is essential to avoid pricing which is cost-oriented rather than customer-value oriented. Since the segment and target market is carefully done, it is easy to set up the price for the new product. Being a new product, Nestlà © should apply market- penetration pricing while setting a low rice in order to attract large numbers of buyers and penetrate the market. Nestlà © should maintain its low price position to get penetration in the market. Among five products mix strategies, Nestlà © comes with product line pricing as there are cost difference between the products from the product line that have difference features and competitors prices. The selling price for the new product would be  £3 pounds for the whole packet which has 20 small packs inside. Being oligopolistic competition pricing, Nestlà © Company is always alert to its competitors strategies. Moreover, the customers perceptions of price effect on their buying decisions. Thus, if the new products demand falls by 10 %, when Nestlà © raises its price by 2 % the demand would be elastic occurring -5. However, if demand falls by 1% when the price is increased by 2%, inelastic demand occurs with -1/2 (Kotler et.al, 2005). Place Place is where transporting the right product to the right place at the right time to the customers (The times 100, 2012). It is known as Nestlà ©s distribution channel within marketing mix is to reach to its target market. New product of Nestlà © should be transported using indirect-marketing channels as below: The product is firstly targeted to consumers from UK in the introduction stage, it will distribute to all over the countries later. Marketing channel is part of customer value delivery network therefore; each channel adds value for the customers. The intermediaries of Nestlà © (wholesalers and retailers) take part a number of activities when delivering the products. For example: wholesalers can provide quicker delivery to the customers and retailers offer final link between the consumers and Nestlà © company (Kotler et. al, 2005). For the logistics functions, Nestlà © should store the goods in the warehouses while making stock available before the products are ready to be sold. Promotion The communication message Time Saving is crucial to receive the customers attention (Evans, Jamal and Foxall, 2009). In order to communicate with the target customers (external stakeholders), a variety of promotion methods will use with the purpose of Effectively attainting new customers by increasing customer base and Retention of existing customers by keeping up customer relations New product is going to be promoted through television, internet among the major media types. Nestlà ©s new product should Reach 70% of its target market during the first three months. I. Broadcast advertising (Television and Internet) The benefits would be good mass-market coverage and low cost per exposure. Frangi (2011) states that the proportion of media activities during the day time in UK as follow: For Nestlà © new product, an advertisement should create using Beyoncà ©s family (Appendix). Celebrity Endorsement promotes a sense of belief among the target audience and approves brand equity (Till, 1998). Moreover, since a celebrity can make advertisement believable (Kamins et.al;.1989), there will be certain awareness of the target group by breaking the disorder of ad and creating the ad and brand more obvious. As celebrity can help in brand name recognition (Petty, Cacioppo, Schermann, 1983), people will have a high recalling member for their favourite celebrity. Celebrities are appreciated and adored and respected by their audiences or fans and advertisers so, using stars as PR can influence the fans or customers towards the brand. Additionally, using Social networks Facebook, MySpace and Twitter could lead the customers to memorize the new product in a short period of time. It could especially attract to teenagers by looking at the proportion of their internet usage (Appendix). Proportion of adults who browse over social networking sites on the internet Conclusion Using the marketing mix creates a lot of advantages which brings customers satisfactions. Importantly, brand loyalty is necessary to make customers willingness to repeat purchase. It is essential to make a brand to be available in every shop including benefits such as good brand image, affordable price and packaging style. Marketing Strategies of Nestlà © would bring benefits along with the AIDA model. Attention (Awareness) attracts customers attention and awareness. Interest- creates advantages and benefits of Nestlà ©. Nestlà © should let its stakeholders know that fair ingredients include in it which is suitable to everybody. Mind will be fresh and everybody can concentrate on their work, after consuming the new product. Desire- The five performance objectives quality, speed, dependability, flexibility and fair price should consider getting customers desire. First error free goods should introduce which brings quality advantage to customers. Speed is important in providing goo ds and services to customers. Besides, doing or making things on time is important too. This is dependability. Next, flexibility requires fulfilling all customer requirements and dealing with all customer possibilities. Action- Customers action will meet as soon as they buy the new product. It is important to offer a value more than customers expectations. Thus, they have satisfaction which in turn creates them hard-core loyal and will unlikely to switch brands in the predictable future. As a recommendation, Nestlà © should consider internally and externally for its new product development. Internally, all departments have to work together, discuss and consider how they should make to build the brand image of new products and get the customers trust. Externally, it should consider about relationship, integrated and social responsibilities marketing. Nestlà © brand has long-term relationship with its customers, employees, suppliers, distributors, members of the financial community; shareholders and investors and other marketing partners (channels, distributors and advertising agencies). According to Kotler Keller (2006) Holistic Marketing is important in developing, designing and implementing of marketing programs, processes and activities. The relationship should not end in order to earn and retain the business. A strong relationship is essential to give a value which is more than customers expectations that would bring satisfactions and loyalty. Figure 1.1 Demography of UK in the year 2010 Classification of classes Explanations Lower middle class White collar workers Middle class Got tertiary education Upper middle class Earn higher incomes. They all are traditionally accomplished from private schools. Nouveau riche Working class, lower middle class Under class Long- term unemployed, elderly pensioners, economic immigrants, dependent on state benefits Upper class Statistically very few nowadays Skilled working class Blue- collar workers Work mostly in the construction and manufacturing factory. Unskilled and semi- skilled working class Blue- collar workers Work mostly in car factories, steel mills and textile mills Figure 1.3 Social classes of UK New product of Nestlà © Existing Nestlà © products

self awareness in primates: Fact or Fiction Essay -- essays research p

Abstract The author focuses on determining whether primates are capable of self-awareness. An article is reviewed and evaluated encompassing different points of view and theories. Learned recognition and self-awareness is compared and discussed. Self-awareness in Primates: Fact or Fiction Learning is "a change in behavior due to experience" (Chance, 2003, p. 36). Learning allows an organism to modify its behavior to suit a particular situation. It is a mechanism by which one copes with the ever-changing environment. Anything an organism does that can be measured is behavior (Chance, 2003). Organisms change their behavior to fit environmental changes; this is a learning process, it provides a means to modify our physical environment for example, changing climate by controlling it, or cooking and chemically changing food. These acts are not due to heredity, they are a result of learning (Chance, 2003). It has been proven that chimpanzees and humans share 99.4 % of their DNA, making their genetic makeup very similar. Chimpanzees have large brains which are thought to be paired with higher intelligence since it has been proven that smaller brain sizes demonstrate lower intelligence (Schmid, 2003). Gordon Gallup (1979) sought to discover the answer to a question that Darwin would respond negatively to; do animals have a sense of self awareness? Darwin would say that we are fundamentally different from other animals. One assumption was that man was unique from other animals because of the use of tools. However, as noted by Gallup (1979) Jane Goodall discovered that chimpanzees used twigs as tools for reaching food that they could otherwise get to. Chance (2003) states "reinforcement is the procedure of providing consequences for a behavior that increases or maintain the strength of that behavior" (p.141). The chimpanzees had the novel thought of using a twig to reach ants that were inside a tree trunk. They strengthened or increased their behavior of using a twig to acquire food because this brought about positive consequences, i.e. food. As noted by Chance (2003) Thorndike compared operant learning to natural selection. Those behaviors that are useful survive, those t hat are not, die out. It has been proven that chimpanzees can grasp the basic idea of language. According to Rumbaugh (1995), recent studies show that apes... ...lphins may seek selves in mirror images. (indications of self-awareness in dolphins) (Brief article). Science News, 159(18). Retrieved July 27, 2004, from HighBeam Research database. Gallup, G.G. (1979, July-August). Self-awareness in primates. American Scientist, 67(5), 417-421. Retrieved July 26, 2004, from XanEdu database. Miensinompe, S. V. (1997). Animal's self awareness. Retrieved August 5, 2004, from http://www.strato.net/~crvny/sa03002.html Miller, N. (1998, February). The reflective self: A sociological perspective. Roeper Review, 20(3). Retrieved July 28, 2004, from HighBeam Research database. Pennisi, E. (1999, June). Primate abilities: are our primate cousins 'conscious'? Science, 284(5423), 2070-2073. Retrieved July 28, 2004, from HighBeam Research database. Rymbaugh, D. (1995, September). Primate language and cognition: Common ground. Social Research, 63(3). Retrieved July 25, 2004, from HighBeam Research database. Schmid, R. E. (2003, May). Researchers: Chimps closer to humans. AP Online. Retrieved July 28, 2004, from HighBeam Research database. Wynne, C. (1999, November). Do animals think? Psychology Today. Retrieved July 26, 2004, from HighBeam Research database

The Three Musketeers :: essays research papers

D’Artagnan goes to France to become a Musketeer. But on his way he gets into a fight with a tall ,dark haired nobleman with a scar on his right cheek. He sees the man talking to a woman named Milady de Winter. D’Artagnan finally finds the captain of the musketeers Monsieur de Treville. D’Artagnan sees the man that defeated him and runs after him. But on his way he runs over wounded Athos and he also runs into Porthos. He ran through the street but could not find the man. Athos gets mad and challenges D’Artagnan to a duel. But when they were about to fight five Cardinal Guards attack them, and D’Artagnan is rewarded for his bravery. One day his landlord comes to him with a favor and he excepts it because he has not paid his bill for three months rent. Constance Bonacieux was kidnapped. While he is telling his friends the whole story he hears his landlord yelling because he was being arrested. But they do not save him for if they get arrested then they will not be able to rescue him. At night he heard someone crying. He looked through the hole on the floor of his apartment, and saw the guards tying up a young woman. He brakes the door and scares the guards away. She thanks him and they fall in love .He then guides her safely to the palace where she is a maid for the Queen of France. But a man comes beside her and D’Artagnan is about to fight him but she stops them and tells D’Artagnan that it is only the Duke of Buckingham and that he has come to meet the Queen. The Queen tells him to leave because he might be in danger .He asks her to give him something to remember her by ,so she gives him a ribbon with twelve diamonds on it. She didn’t know but on of her maids were spying on her, the maid immediately reported it to Richelieu. Richelieu told the King to schedule a ball in ten days in the Queens’ honor. He told Milady de Winter to steal two of the diamonds from the ribbon to show the King that his Queen gave it to another man. Constance asks D’Artagnan to tell the Duke about the ribbon, and the Queens’ danger. The Duke gets someone to make a pair that looks just the same so he can get the Queen out of great danger.

Essay --

Oil is one of the largest components of the American economy. However through the last thirty years America has had to overcome many obstacles in order to secure a steady flow of oil from foreign countries. Since the early 1970s many political leaders have encouraged drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) to solve America’s problem of securing foreign oil. The people in favor of letting companies drill in the ANWR argue that it would reduce America’s dependence on foreign oil, and not effect the environment. People against oil drilling in the ANWR state that the drilling would do nothing to change America’s dependence on Foreign oil, and will have detrimental effects on one of the world’s largest untouched nature-preserves. In order to secure and stabilize both the Environment and America’s oil supply, America will need to assign a small section of the ANWR for oil drilling, that would not effect the natural ecosystems. One near-sighted proposal to help reduce America’s foreign dependence for oil has been to drill for oil in the ANWR. Currently the United States imports around 60 percent of the oil that its citizens consumes annually and around 20 percent of this oil comes from the Persian Gulf countries, averaging about 2.4 million barrels a day are being imported to the United States (Corsi 11). Each barrel of oil costs around 50$, meaning the United States sends more than 600$ million a day to foreign countries, of which 120$ million goes to the Persian Gulf. Annually the United States spends just under a quarter of a trillion dollars to buy oil. These numbers show that the United States is very dependent on oil from foreign countries, and has had to intervene in foreign entanglements because of it, such a... ...structures (which was not the case in Prudhoe Bay,) there would be other suitable calving areas. The oil fields operated ANWR would also help make the United States less dependent on foreign oil. Although the United States will most likely never be completely independent of oil, the Oil drilled in the ANWR would save the United States millions of dollars a year, from paying foreign countries to sell us oil. If we have a steady domestic oil supply, the United States will not have to focus so much of its attention on foreign issues that are not related to us. Keeping the environment pristine, and having a secure line of oil are big concerns of the United States government. By assigning a small section of the ANWR for oil drilling and setting restrictions on oil infrastructures during calving season would let America succeed in both the economy and the environment.

Oliver Twist Essay

Oliver Twist is the second novel written by Charles Dickens. It is all about Oliver who was an orphan living the world of crimes in London. The novel was published in Bentley’s Miscellany in a monthly basis. George Cruikshank was the illustrator of the said novel. Criticisms and opinions were gathered y Dickens as introducing the world of crimes. He exposed to the world the life of criminals and prostitutes. With this criticisms and comments, he took the opportunity of presenting a good view of his composition. He did not take the critics in a negative way. Among the works of Dickens, Oliver twist is the presented in a dramatic form. Oliver twist appears in series of novel in 10 theaters in London. The novel was also made with 25 numbers of versions since it started in 1906. The Famous Roman Polanski was the also made his own version of Oliver Twist. In the Oliver Twist, Oliver was an infant born in a workshop. After the adaptation of Oliver, he the came to an infant farm where he came o develop himself and then get back to the working place. Orphans were put to the workhouse to get their selves a home to get into. In the workplace, the orphans were experiencing the inhumane and mistreatment. With these mistreatments, the orphans were put into starvation. Oliver was asked to stand before his comrades to talk with their masters about the issue. Troublemaker is also named or recognized after Oliver. He does some job for other person who wishes to take him (Dickens, 2003). Oliver outside the workplace life was uneasy at first. He was so tired and hungry. He didn’t expect that life was also misery. Jack Dawkins is one of the persons who help Oliver by giving him a place to stay. Even though, he was recently together with thieves, he was still finds people who help him. As he stays with Dawkins, he also works with him. He came to the world of pick pocketers. With his work with Dawkins, he was also accused for some crimes. With the crimes being accused for him, he came to experience the world of criminals and prostitutes. He had himself put into a world where there are many negative insights. The life of Oliver really became a misery when he came with the criminals and do some criminal works. His life was also nearly put to death when he once put into criminal work when he was shot. With this misery life of Oliver he came to know about his family roots. He came to know who his brother is. He talks with Maylies and Doctor Losberne about his misery life. He had a brother who is a monk and he was claimed to be an inherited to a monk. Oliver was also an inheritor of an estate which his father wrote in will before his father died. And because of this they wanted to have the inheritance of Oliver. In the end, Oliver made a life of good after he had also got the inheritance. Oliver Twist is of the great novel of Dickens. The novel presented a story of humor and wit. The novel is of poverty mode and of cruelty. Oliver Twist may e given recognition for his thoughts about the world and its great creativity of story. With this Novel of Dickens, he used some world views. He relates the Novel with religion world view. He uses some facts with the monks when tackling about the religion. He discussed that eve though the family of Oliver was of different religions, they were still putting the peace on their heart. With respect to the political view, the politics in the novel represents some deficiencies of the true form of politics in the whole wide world. It was presented and explained on the novel how the politics is some sort of injustice. The real politics and politics in this novel are neither really similar nor different. In the geographical view, the novel was situated in way that the geographical mode is of the same way with the time of the novel was presented. It was situated in a community where people experienced difficulties with respect to community of criminals ad prostitutes. The people in the novel were creating a way that the geographic position of the community is essential. Tackling with the social view, the author speaks for the truth about the social community. It is explained in the novel that people need other people to survive in the community. People are born for other people. No man is an island. In order to survive the cruelty of the world, one person should have great communication and social interactions with other people. And last but not the least, about the economic view. One of the great topics in this novel is about the economic view. It is presented here that in life of poverty and scruelty; people were doing unnecessary things just to make their life into fulfillment. People may do some crimes and other illegal works just to survive in the low economized community. The use of providing great world issues in the Novel is a way to provide creativity with the said religion, political, economical, social and geographical ways. The author, Charles Dickens have very wide thought about the current issues I his time that he came to develop a novel with story that relates to the whole wide world. I is necessary for him that he even does not have good experiences in writing had no acclaimed awards for his works he still make it expressive for him to provide meaningful Novel. The Novel in particular was really fascinating for the story it provides is viewers or readers, it catches most of the reader’s attention. It does not need o make some more great speculations for the story to make it interesting. It was interesting in many ways. With its thoughts and ideas, it is still interesting. List of Reference Dickens, C. Oliver Twist. New York. Penguin Books; 2003.

Chick-fil-a case study Essay

Looking at this case study, it really shows me how a company that has morals and beliefs can still make it in this competitive environment. I am a huge Chick-fil-A fan and am proud of them for standing by their beliefs. The types of marketing strategies used by Chick-fil-A are substantial and completely different from every other restaurant in the United States. Chick-fil-A’s unique corporate culture derives from Cathy’s Christian background and his desire to inspire and influence people. The company’s official statement of corporate purpose is â€Å"to glorify God by being a faithful steward of all that is entrusted to us and to have a positive influence on all who come in contact with Chick-fil-A† (Wilkinson, p.631). Another form of their marketing strategy that Chick-fil-A uses is their extensive corporate giving programs. The company has helped thousands of restaurant employees, foster children, and other young people through the WinShape Foundation that Cathy established in 1984 to help â€Å"shape winners† (Wilkinson, p.631). Their advertising is also a key role in their marketing strategy, using the â€Å"Eat Mor Chikin† campaign is one of the longest-running, and one of the most successful, advertising campaigns in the United States (Wilkinson, p.631). Chick-fil-A’s positioning strategy is a faith based and giving company that wants to help the community through charity. Their position on being closed on Sunday’s is proven by their owners statement saying, if it took seven day to make a living with a restaurant, then we needed to be in some other line of work (Wilkinson, p. 631). Being a wholesome company that wants to make a living instead of making a fortune has been a great successful position strategy for Chick-fil-A and is proven by their increase of sales yearly. I do believe that being closed of Sunday is a competitive advantage for Chick-fil-A. One of the reasons why it is a competitive advantage is because Chick-fil-A is the only restaurant that is known for being closed on Sunday and I believe that doing that shows how family, Christian based the restaurant is and makes them appeal to a vast percentage of the United States. The survey in our class proved to me that them being closed on Sundays was a competitive advantage because the majority of my classmates said that it makes them want to eat Chick-fil-A on Mondays because they can’t have it on Sundays. Obviously it isn’t a disadvantage because of the amount of sales that they had in 2005 with $1.975 billion in sales with forecasted sales of $3 billion by 2010 (Wilkinson, p. 631). I personally don’t believe that any other restaurant in the industry should consider closing on Sundays. One of the reasons I say that is because they are the first company to do it and if any company was to follow they would be called copycats of Chick-fil-A and I believe that it wouldn’t be a benefit for the company. The only way that it might work for a company, it would have to be a new company to the market and couldn’t sell chicken or look anything like Chick-fil-A. Probably in my opinion there isn’t another retailer in any type of industry that could get away with being closed on Sunday without backlash. Since Chick-fil-A started this at the beginning of the company and have stuck to their guns on this and that’s why they have had success with it, and honestly that’s Chick-fil-A’s special thing for the industry and no one else could use it. Chick-fil-A is a great company and I hope that they continue being a community steward and helping employees better themselves. Work Cited Dr. J.B. Wilkinson (2011). Chick-fil-A: â€Å"Eat Mor Chikin† (Except on Sunday). Retrieved from Basic Marketing- A marketing strategy planning approach

Qa 380 Quiz 1

* T * PERFORMANCE measures that are established for a process are known as metrics. T * Once a process is identified, defined, evaluated, and redesigned, the benefits of the process analysis cycle are realized. F * A service blueprint is a flowchart of a service process that shows which of its steps has high customer contact. T * The general principle that 80% of a company’s revenue is generated by 20% of its customers is known as the pareto concept. * A fishbone diagram identifies which category is most frequently observed out of all the categories for which you have data. F . a voluntary system by which employees submit their ideas on process improvements is used in the: opportunity identification phase of process analysis 2. the step in process analysis that immediately follows the process documentation phase is the : evaluate performance phase 3. the resources that management assigns to improving or reengineering the process should: match the process’s scope 4. proc ess analysis focuses on: how work is actually done 5. an effective tool for showing steps of a service process with a high level of customer contact is: service blueprint 6. hich one of the following statements concerning flowcharts is NOT true. The dotted line of visibility separates activities subcontracted form those done in house 7. all of the following are steps in setting a time standard using the time study method EXCEPT: Consulting cost accounting data 8. the manager of a supermarket would like to know which of several quality problems to address first. A tool that would be most helpful would be a: perato chart 9. a restaurant manager tracks complaints from the diner satisfaction cards that are turned in at each table.The data collected from the past week’s diners appear 10. the first step of the systematic approach to process analysis is (opportunity) 11. process (scope) is the boundary of the process to be analyzed. 12. A voluntary system by which employee submit th eir ideas on process improvements is called a (suggestion system) 13. (Metrics) are performance measures that are established for a process and he steps within it. 14. A group of people, who are knowledgeable about the process, meets to propose ideas for change in a rapid-fire manner. Such a session is called (brainstorming)

Levi’s Strauss: a case study from an organizational plan point of view Essay

Levis is undoubtedly one of the most recognizes brand of jeans on the planet. The business found by the Strauss family in 1875, initially manufactured jeans for miners out of tent fabric and canvas. However they later shifted to manufacturing jeans from denim which gained popularity amongst miners during the California gold rush. Strategic elements of an organisational plan The process of developing strategic elements of an organisational plan involves three broad categories. Analysing: Levi’s Strauss analysed its visions, mission objectives and external environments. This meant evaluation of the current market share and its segmentation, product range of competitors and what the company may want to do about it. Decision: From the findings of the analysis, the company had to decide on two main factors. What industries to try and expand into and how to be competitive in those industries. As such Levi commissioned market research agencies to carry out survey and research on the habits and attitudes of its customer base. This was all done with the idea of moving into the higher price clothing market since up until now Levi has mostly produced casual wear of the low price category. After such quantitative surveys the target market was selected. This target market comprised of Independent consumers with expensive tastes looking for classic designs which are not massed produced and rely on individual styling and fitting. It was then decided by Levi to carry out analysis of its target market in order to study their attitudes and behaviour in details so that further plans to enter the specific market segment can be made. It was decided by Levi to avoid direct price wars and as a result Levi decided to charge 10% above the prices of it closest competitors. In order to cater to the classic independent nature of the target market segment, Levi also decided to distribute through quality departmental store chains. The final stage of the decision making process involved carrying out tests for acceptability. This was done through the use of consumer discussion panels led by psychologists and were targeted at seeking out the real motivations behind the way the target market behaved. This led to the understanding that Levi was not just ready to produce classic suits because of the affiliation of its brand identity and value with casual standardised clothes and its strong ties and origins to jeans related clothing. This in turn led to the marketing team to focus on jackets and trousers rather than suits so that it can first overcome its image for casual apparel. Actions : The final step in the process for developing strategic elements for organisational plan involved the process of bringing all that planning and decision making to reality. The decision was made by levi to emphasise mainly on jackets and trousers in its new Tailored Classics line and so the initial idea of suits was dropped before the new line was launched. The organisational plan developed by Levi in order to move into new market segments, mainly the higher priced clothing market when put into effect, showed signs of underperformance. This was mainly because of the decision to abandon the manufacturing of suits based on its acceptability test findings. Those findings convinced the marketers in Levi to accept that Levi was too closely associated with casual only wear and customers were not favourable of the idea of Levi producing classic natured suits of non standardised but custom shape and taste. It was later evident that Tailored Classics failed to achieve its sales targets in the consequent months after its launch. Strategic effects on an organisational plan The implementation process of the organisational plan drawn up by Levi involved implementing its various quantitative and behavorial reseach findings in its final execution of the organisational plan. This meant moving away from its initial decision to produce what the target customer segment wants and manufacturing jackets and trousers instead. The decision was made on the basis of accpetability test results. In order to overcome the underperformance of the Tailored Classics line in its inital few months prices were reduced to meet sales targets which failed critically. The effects of these on the stakeholders was reduced returns for the investors, and a lack of faith in the brands ability to cater to the custom independent classic demand andconseuquential underperformance of the brand hindering its brand expansion. Strategy to communicate organisational plans to key stake holders To come up with an workable plan, the Levi public relations had to work through a sequence of steps. The first of such steps was setting out a communication objective. Ideally, whatever the objective is , it is best effective if its specific, measurable,achievable and realistic. The communications objective for Levi was to convey to the customer that levi is able to make a good suit when they put their mind to it despite its origins being in the jeans manufacturing industry and its past history of mostly casual only clothes. Secondly The Levi staff had to come up with a key message to its stake holders. The most important stakeholders group, the consumers themselves were made aware of the message with the help of the name for the new line â€Å"Tailored Classic†. This conveyed the idea that Levi is engaging in the manufacturing of non standardised custom classic wear that were more tailored to the customers individual need. Having decided upon the overriding key message each seprate group of stakeholders were prioritised and a seperate key message was set for them in order to make sure that most of the stakeholders were addressed and no one felt left out despite the aim of targetting the new line at the higher prices market. Different communications tactics had to be developed for each of the stake holders groups, ranging from the consumer, the media, the investors and the donors and volunteers involved with Levi. Finally the budgets and responsibilities were decided upon by the Levi directors based on their surveys and were allocated amongst its different departments and staff. Evaluation: Following all the steps regarding implementation of the strategic elements of the organisational plan and the process of communicating with the various stakeholders, Levi had to ensure that it was wrking to achieve the objective set. And depending on the results of the various surveys and research, starting from the consumer behaviour patterns and spending habits, the analysis of its target customer segment and finally the acceptability test of its new line before its launch all in term one by one allowed levi to review and change its key messages, communication tactics and finally its objectives. Ths led to the final decision to focus mostly on the jackets and trousers market rather than the tailored suits market because of the lack of the consumer confidence in Levi’s ability to produce tailored suits that meets individual reuqirements. Overall the assessment and evaluation process contributed to a great extent in the final decision to introduce the new line in a much differ ent form than intitally percieved.

The likely implications of a large country engaging in loose monetary Essay

The likely implications of a large country engaging in loose monetary policy for exchange rates - Essay Example The central banks of the economies play a pivotal role in the economic systems for prescribing the monetary policies in the respective nations. The fiscal authorities are in turn checked by the governments of different nations (Gerlach and Wensheng, 2004). In order to efficiently trade in the global economies, the countries in the modern economies use the purchasing power parity conditions to analyze the relative worth of different currencies in an economy. Exchange rate is the modern jargon used by the contemporary economies to judge the terms of trade conditions of nation. This essay will show how the monetary authorities of large economies in the modern world have liberalized or loosened their economies in order to adjust their exchange rates according to the market and sustain a favourable value of their terms of trade in the long run (Keohane, 2013). Situation Analysis Exchange Rate Issues Exchange rates are the rate that defines the value of the currency of a country in terms o f the value of the currency of another country. Exchange rates are either measured in nominal or are measured in real terms. In real terms, it is the ratio of the aggregate price level in the foreign economy to the value of the aggregate price level in the home currency. ... On the other hand, the goods and services available in the foreign markets tend to become expensive to the country. In such situations, the exports of the country become cheaper in terms of value than the imports. The country would demand for less foreign exchange (lesser imports) and possesses an excess supply of the foreign exchange (higher exports). This would thus induce the price of the value of the exchange rate (supply > demand) in the market to fall. A fall in the exchange rate would actually imply the fall in the value of currency of a nation in terms of the currency of another country. Thus in the modern world, monetary authorities constantly try to manipulate and keep the exchange rates suitable to the economic environment of the respective nations (GBM, 2013). Macroeconomic Imbalances The countries in the contemporary world are found to have macroeconomic imbalance conditions. The causes behind the imbalances have been associated with both the internal and external affair s of economies. In some nations like Netherlands, the economy is facing high surplus in the current account but the household debt of the country is increasing at a rapid rate. Moreover, the property bubble (rise in the real estate prices) in the economies of Spain, U.S., Ireland etc have resulted in the heightening of the level of government debt and crisis in the economy. Since 2009, the global financial crisis in the economies of the western world has created a trickledown effect in the less developed economies in the world like India, Brazil etc. As after the emergence of globalization and liberalization, economies in the contemporary world have become entangled with each other. Thus, the macroeconomic imbalances in the form of

Alcatel-Lucent Success in Brazil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Alcatel-Lucent Success in Brazil - Essay Example Alcatel-Lucent Brazil utilized various entry strategies which included adapting to the customers and industry, developing consumer confidence in the company’s products and services as well as creating and improving brand awareness in the country. In its effort to adapt to the clientele, the company researched on the various needs of its diversified customers which included government agencies, local service providers, and carriers among others. By understanding their clientele, the company was able to develop a customer portfolio specific to the client’s needs and as such adapt its products and services to its customers. Further, the company invested in building the consumer confidence as well as increasing brand awareness by using various marketing strategies such as the use of social media and TV adverts. Managing MNCs is quite a challenge to many companies as they have operations in different countries. These countries have varied cultures and value as well as other varied business environment and the poses a challenge to the company in its management (Matthews & Zander, 2007). It is thus important for companies such as Alcatel-Lucent Brazil to have an effective strategy to use in managing its subsidiaries in different parts of the world. One o0f the challenges facing the company in Brazil is that the company is in its development phase causing a lot of problems in the management and operations of the business. This, for instance, is in regards to political instability, varying exchange, and inflation rates.

Macroeconomics (Economics in general) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

Macroeconomics (Economics in general) - Essay Example Various terms and assumptions are taken in economics in order to understand the behavior of individuals, society as a whole and the patterns of production and spending. Scarcity is one such concept used in economics to define and explain behavior and relationship among the key variables, that is, spending and production. Scarcity refers to scarcity of resources meaning that the resources available for ay economy are scarce and thus should be used efficiently in order to produce maximum outputs. Economic goods are goods where the consumer has to pay some price to acquire them and/or to consume them. On the other hand, the non-economic goods or simply the free goods have no opportunity cost. The consumer does not have to let go anything in order to use these goods. Goods involving a financial cost or any other type of cost are classified as economic goods. Economic goods can be anything that is purchased for consumption at some price. The price is determined by the interaction of supply and demand for that particular good or service. All goods that are sold for some price are economic goods in economic terms. Non-economic goods are those that are available for free. They can be in the form of air, government provided goods and services. As they are not costing anything, they have no opportunity cost either. The acquirer does not have to pay anything for its use. ... They can be in the form of air, government provided goods and services. As they are not costing anything, they have no opportunity cost either. The acquirer does not have to pay anything for its use. Similarly, they are not scarce in nature. Economics and scarcity are related as economics study the individual's behavior of making choices between available goods. The decision is primarily based on the opportunity cost, marginal utility and the scarcity of good and/or service. Economics, thus, has close relation with the concept of scarcity. Economics is the study of the decisions that households and firms make in any economy and their impact. Market Mechanism 2. Describe the market mechanism of supply and demand and describe how they operate in competitive markets to produce equilibrium. Market is a place where the buyers and the suppliers interact. The buyers are the consumers and/or customers of any sort of good or service. The suppliers are the providers of the required good or service. The market operates because of the interaction of buyers and suppliers. The buyers express their willingness to buy a particular good or service. The suppliers at the same time provide the required good or service. The degree of demand ad the level of available supply of that good or service determines the market price for that product. The interaction of supply and demand curve in economics determines the price at which the good or service will sell. The demand curve is a downward sloping curve showing a negative relationship between the quantity and price. As the price increases, the quantity demanded will decrease as the buyers have to pay more for that particular good or service and vice versa. The supply curve is positively related to price. As