Fandom in Popular Culture Essay

Everyone is a fan of something. Whether it’s a sports team, celebrity, or television show there is at least one thing that a person enjoys to partake in, talk about, etc. Yet when does becoming too much of a fan – or a fanatic – become a problem? This question raises concern because recently many different fan bases or fandoms of certain movies, books, etc. have been criticized over the last decades due to their extreme dedication and obsession. Some people think that these fan bases and their lifestyles are unhealthy, that these fanatics choose to avoid reality and instead dedicate their life to something that does not return anything rewarding or productive to society. Trekkies attending conventions and spending money on elaborate costumes, Harry Potter fans dressing up like the characters to attend a movie premiere, internet bloggers spending time writing fan fiction online for hours – are all these forms of fandom unhealthy? In my personal opinion, I do not believe so. When it comes down to it, each fandom has a similar ground base that it builds off of, it also promotes a sense of identity and camaraderie, it’s a form of enjoyment that encourages happiness and optimism but also is an institution that is exploited by the media. Each fandom seems completely different from each other. I know many Harry Potter fans who despise anyone who likes Twilight, thinking that their fan base is so much superior and vice versa. In reality though, each fandom has the same concept to build off of that creates such a huge fan base. This concept is escapism or rather that fandom is distraction from real life and its hardships (Reilly). An example would include myself in that I would much rather choose to read Harry Potter than instead, for instance, write this paper. The same goes for my roommate who chose to watch the Walking Dead instead of doing her homework. In those moments we temporarily escaped our problems and challenges in real life and instead immersed ourselves into another reality that was much more enjoyable. Would that be considered unhealthy? I think not – the problem was not me being a fan of Harry Potter but instead self-control, which differs with each person individually. That’s why we cannot generalize all fanatics of something as being unhealthy because although they choose to incorporate many aspects of their fandom into everyday life, there are many instances when they can productive instead of idle. This includes a dentist from the movie Trekkies that created a dentist office that completely revolves around the television show Star Trek. The dentist/fanatic gets to be immersed in Star Trek all day long at his job, but is actually being productive in society. With that, any direction a fan base goes, it is a form of escapism from real life but is not necessarily detrimental to a fanatic’s well being. Fandom also creates a sense of camaraderie and identity to those who partake in it. By identifying yourself as a fan, you become apart of a community who share similar interests (Jacobson). An example includes my stepfather who is Redskins football fan. He and his friends bond over their love for the team, but are also a part of a huge community who share this love. The best part is that the Redskins fandom allows the fans to be a part of the game without having any football skills at all and it has a very low cost to participate. With this comes a sense of belongingness and camaraderie – that you are a part of something bigger than yourself. This can be very beneficial to the fans and can be applied to every fandom. This sense of community and identity helps with self-esteem and image (Jacobson), which, in my opinion, should not be considered unhealthy. In its most basic form, being a fan of something just makes people happy. The reason why I love reading the Harry Potter books repeatedly or why a Trekkie will attend numerous conventions is because doing it makes us happy – it does not make us obsessive, crazy fanatics. According to the mood management theory, individuals seek out media content that they expect to improve their mood (Burns). Millions of people do not become fanatics of something purely for the enjoyment of it but rather because it has a positive effect on their mood. This explains many fanatic behaviors, like fan fiction for instance. This is when a fan will write their own version of the story, movie, video game etc. that caters to their own desires. They do this because it makes them happy and makes them feel apart of the fandom community. On the other hand, there are many instances where fandom or fanaticism can be taken to the extreme. There are numerous stories of when fans at football games break out into a violent riot, or when a fan physically harms others or themselves to attract attention to themselves – an example including Mark David Chapman, a Beatles fan, murdering John Lennon. But is it really their fanaticism to be blamed? This question should be asked due to the fact that many aspects can influence a person’s decisions, one being their psychological stability. Being a fanatic did not make Chapman a murderer; it was that he was mentally ill. A more important aspect is that according to a concept called entertainment theory, we as audience members do not question the content we consume because â€Å"we are just doing what feels good†¦its only entertainment† (Burns). Yet in reality we the audience that consumes the media are not aware of the content that we are looking at. If Chapman had not been exposed to John Lennon’s life being broadcasted through the media he may not have taken his fanaticism to the extreme level. Fanaticism should not be considered unhealthy since the media that we consume contributes or rather enhances fanaticism to an unhealthy level. Like I said before, we are all fans of something. Whether or not we choose to take our passion for that something to a fanatic level depends on many factors. Psychologically we indulge in our fandom because it makes us happy. The feeling of intimacy and community is a basic human need that fandom provides through online blogging and fan fiction, dressing up like someone we’re not, conventions, etc. Also the way that the media broadcasts and streams pop culture to the general public is something to consider when criticizing fanatics. Finally, each fandom, although diverse in its own way, has the same ideal at it’s root in that people become fans because it provides an escape into another reality that does not our problems and hardships to deal with. Overall, fanaticism should not be considered unhealthy because it is a natural psychological instinct as well as a basic institution has been heightened by the media. Works Cited Burns. â€Å"Harry Potter = Craze Fan?.† Media Influence Spring 09. Blogspot, 16 2009. Web. Web. 9 Dec. 2012.

Rick Brag: Essay

True Southern pride is a great way to describe a man like Richard Bragg. He has all the Southern charms and outlooks on life. Richard Bragg writes emotionally-moving literature that changes the lives of everyday people. Richard Bragg’s writing generally deals with the lower class Americans. This is a reflection of his life, for he grew up as a lower class American during the Civil Rights Era. Born in rural Alabama on July 26, 1959, he was the first of his family to graduate from high school. Richard Bragg is still alive today and is currently a professor at Alabama University (Kingsbury).Richard Bragg is known as one of the best southern story tellers of his time. Many wonder how he developed this ability, and when asked he said, â€Å"Well, I come from a long line of liars and story tellers. † (â€Å"Rick† 2) Richard Bragg credits his way of telling a story to his father, grandfather, and all the drunks that he liked to hang out with. (â€Å"Author†) Brag g would sat on his front porch for hours and listened to these men speak. Although he listened to all these drunks tell of drama, comedy, and tragedy, Bragg tends to have a more feminine way of writing.He got this from his mother and sisters who â€Å"tell gentler stories about babies born, funerals that were ‘beautiful,’ and the nicer, sadder, sweeter side of growing up in rural Alabama in the 1960s and 1970s. † (â€Å"Rick† 3) Richard Bragg generally writes about the lower class American. He grew up as a lower class citizen. He likes to reach out to these people and make people aware of poverty all over the world. In his story All Over but the Shoutin’, and in this book he shows the darker side of poverty and his life(Abbe). This book gives the inside look of what it was like growing up in poverty during the 60s and 70s.Richard Bragg’s home life was not one of a loving family. His father left frequently all through his life, and officially left when Bragg was just 10. He did have a caring mother who did everything for her family. She worked in the cotton fields with â€Å"poor blacks and white trash who had no other skills and no other possibilities. † (â€Å"Rick† 3) Brag latter paid tribute to her through his book All Over but the Shoutin’. Richard Bragg grew up during the Civil Rights period. Bragg’s father once moved his family to a white house in Anniston, Alabama, that was once the ain house on a plantation. Bragg had never seen a black person really until he moved there. All the black people lived about a mile up the road. At first they threw rocks at each other. It was an onward battle until one day they got curious and started asking each other question about how different both races were â€Å"but it seems now that our innocent questions about our differences were kind of nice, kind of sweet. † (â€Å"Rick† 7) Richard Bragg is still writing today. He writes from his little office at the University of Alabama. Who knows what he will write about next?One thing is for sure we all know that it will make an emotional impact and that it will change how people view certain topics. Works Citied Page Abbe, Elfrieda. â€Å"Rick Bragg on the art of storytelling. † 115. 12 n. page. Web. 28 Sep. 2012. â€Å"Author Information: Rick Bragg. † This Goodly Land . (Apr 30, 2009): n. page. Web. 28 Sep. 2012. Etlinger, Marion. â€Å"Rick Bragg Biography. † Book Browse. 01 08 2010: n. page. Web. 28 Sep. 2012. Kingsbury, Pam. â€Å"Rick Bragg Biography. † Encyclopedia of Alabama. Alabama: 2008. Web. 28 Sep 2012. â€Å"Rick Bragg Biography. † UFDC Images n. pag. Alabama Virtual Library. Web. 28 Sep 2012.

University should provide more online courses Essay

University should provide more online courses - Essay Example Introduction of online courses for those with special needs not only makes it an attractive package for students but also has great advantages to an institution such as student population growth and boosting the institution’s image. Furthermore, there has been significant growth in E-learning globally as from 2007, the number of students in the higher education sector has become a marketing tool if not a requirement. Disabilities are considered to be diverse thus a disability is defined as any physical, mental, sensory, or other existing impairment that is related to hearing, seeing, learning, speaking or physical mobility that may immensely affects one’s participation in social-cultural and economic aspects within a setting or society. (Turnbull 19) Many studies have pointed out the need for equality of students hence it should be noted that learning is a social-interaction process. It is therefore important to break the barrier that students who are challenged face in exercising their right to participation on all available platforms in a school setting, be it, leadership, projects, library access or class participation. There should be a platform that ensures that those with disabilities no longer feel inferior to their peers but can also perform on an equal level. 2. This objective would seek to look at the advantages that would benefit both the institution and the students with disabilities. It will address the roles both parties have to perform ensure success. enquiry for the next stages. Specifically, the research phase will cover information gathering on existing E-learning initiative for the last five years on a national level. This trend data should give a useful indication of the viability of the platform. In an attempt to make the learning process better and satisfy learning needs, elements such as infrastructure, learning outcomes and the local context need

Stanley Fischer's model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stanley Fischer's model - Essay Example (Taylor) Implicit wage contracts is when workers are risk averse and employers are not, an implicit contract may be made with an understanding over "compromise" basic pay and hours. This may or may not generate nominal wage rigidity. Contracts like this may be non-implementable if there is asymmetric information. The Policy Ineffectiveness Proposition (PIP) is the idea in new classical economics that rational expectations implies that government policy can have no impact on real economic variables. (Wikipedia) Policy ineffectiveness proposition is a monetary policy which is an output stabilizer. It does not affect the real flow of output but rather, surprises and stabilizes the economy. It implies that in a place where the population has rational expectations, government policies which are made to influence the economy into a level of production will never be effective. Due to the flexibility of the price and wages, changes will be anticipated and adjusted on implemented policies thus it does not affect aggregated policies. Policy implications during this economic stage are; government should not do any activist policy because government should know the public's expectation and public will also try to anticipate government's expectation about the public. Just before the new Keynesian model was formulated, it was believed that the formulation of government policies does not have any direct effect on wages and prices in the market unless a surprise monetary policy was released and discloses the economic status in a short wile. It was also believed that wages and prices are completely flexible and would directly adjust to the expected price levels unless otherwise, unanticipated changes occurs which affects cumulative outputs. Arratibel and Thomas states in the consequences of staggered wage setting for the credibility of monetary policy that "In contrast with the New-Keynesian theory, new classical economists argue that credibility problems are central to the disinflationary process, so that disinflation would be costless if the government announced credible commitments. But, if multi-period contracts lead to more lasting effects of monetary policy surprises, they will enhance the credibility (time consistency) problem of monetary policy." (1) Fischer started to investigate monetary policies focusing the wage and price rigidity of which, it was believed that the formulation of government policies does not have any direct effect on wages and prices in the market unless a surprise monetary policy was released and discloses the economic status in a short wile. It was also believed that wages and prices are completely flexible and would directly adjust to the expected price levels unless otherwise, unanticipated changes occurs which affects cumulative outputs. Due to the flexibility of the price and wages, changes will be anticipated and adjusted on implemented policies thus it does not affect aggregated policies. Stanley Fischer's model of

Prosecutorial Misconduct Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Prosecutorial Misconduct - Research Paper Example In this respect, this becomes unacceptable by the law. Therefore, in order for the criminal justice system to be in a position to provide the mandate for which it is created, there is a need for the reformation of this problem. This will provide a solution to the issue as the prosecutors among other law enforcers will be in a position to act within their specified duties. In this sense, both the criminals and other citizens of the countries will be given the opportunity to enjoy their individual rights of justice. Within the legal profession, there are those convictions that have been made in a wrongful manner. Although most of the time these have been contributed by honest mistakes that could not have been prevented or avoided, there are those that have taken place as a result of ignorance and the lack of responsibilities by the members of the legal profession. This is a sign that in far too many cases, the same people who are entrusted with the responsibility of ensuring truth and justice since they are the law enforcement officers and mainly the prosecutors lose focus of this obligation and instead of working towards the maintenance of justice they mainly focus on securing convictions for themselves regardless of the consequences placed on the defendant. It mostly applies to the prosecutors who aim at providing evidence against the defendant despite the fact that they also possess alternative evidence to prevent the incrimination of the said defendant. This means that they may have evidenc e to incriminate a different individual hence leading to the wrongful conviction of the first defendant (Davis, 2007). It refers to the illegal action or the lack of action by the prosecutor especially in the attempt to influence the jury to convict a defendant inappropriately or to give a punishment that is harsher than it is necessary. At times, it is also known as selective prosecution. This is a problem that has currently been

Managerial Challenges in 21st Century Term Paper

Managerial Challenges in 21st Century - Term Paper Example According to management consultants, rigidity will only result in decay and organisational bankruptcy, and flexibility is proposed as the only way to move with the dynamic times (IABMP, 2009). Management practices in the 21st century have had to change with the times as organizations are become more complex. Managers cannot afford to continue with the old managerial practices because 21st century workers can easily be unproductive if their needs are not taken into consideration. This paper will discuss some of the challenges managers face in the 21st century. Most organisations are aligning themselves with the appeal of the globalised business platform of the 21st century (Molinsky, 2012). Globalisation is characterised by the multi-national integration of technology, perspectives, culture, products and ideas. Therefore, it becomes an inevitable managerial requirement to incorporate the trend within organisational strategies. However, the pace at which technological, transportation and communication advances are driving globalisation is a major challenge to managers, charged with leveraging the technologies appropriately within their systems and structures (IABMP, 2009). Further, the very nature of being a multinational organisation translates into the need for a comprehensive international awareness by managers. A specific managerial challenge posed by globalisation is that of conflicting cultures (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin Cardy, 2009). While the essence of globalisation includes enabling some procedures to be conducted worldwide and univers ally, managers must acknowledge that some must be localised in their respective areas to ensure regional and cultural adherence. Managers will exploit any business opportunity that presents itself, but they are challenged by the need to not appear as if they are championing international culture at the expense of locally established regional ones (IABMP, 2009). Just as is the case with the

Family Law Master Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Family Law Master - Case Study Example She moved out again in February 2006, and began to live with another man named Oliver since December, 2007. She has lived separately from her husband Michael for almost two years. She also does not have a child in concern for emotional bond. Under the circumstances, Lucy is very right in considering that she should file for divorce under the protection of Law for her sanity and life. Under the Family Law Act 1996, she has three grounds for filing a petition for divorce from Michael and achieve to get fair share in the division of property which has been established in the White v White [2001] 1 AC 596 your Lordships' House sought to assist judges who have the difficult task of exercising the wide discretionary powers conferred on the court by Part II of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973.1 In particular the House emphasized that in seeking a fair outcome there is no place for discrimination between a husband and wife and their respective roles. Her first ground for divorce is adultery, in which she has e-mail proof of Michael being in relationship with another man, and thus morally violating his vow of marriage and social norm. She has personal proof of unreasonable behaviour and where she can submit petition which can contain a series of allegations against her husband's unreasonable behaviour. This would be evaluated and considered by the judge as the basis of an nulment of her marriage. She has been forced to move out of her home for a length of time on mutual consent and live with friends. She did make an attempt to come back and reconcile. Even after that, she had to finally decide to move in and live with another man Oliver and had lived with for almost two years. This proves that on deteriorating domestic circumstances she has been forced to live away from home, husband and marriage. She is right in considering legal divorce by petition from her husband so that she can take charge of her life and finances to support herself.2 2. She has no income or capital. Michael is still living in the former matrimonial home, which is now worth 250,000 pounds. he is earning around 50,000 pounds pa. Michael bought some shares in his employer's company whilst he and Lucy were still together. They have shot up in value and are now worth 100,000 pounds. Advise Lucy about the likely outcome of her application for ancillary relief on divorce.Lucy should take pro-active measure once she has decided to get divorce from Michael on the financial issues and getting a fair share of her asset from her matrimonial home in which her investment for the payment has been the primary source of the mortgage and the investment has doubled. This should be based on the principal of 'equal sharing' in marriage which is considered the partnership of equals. This 'equal sharing' principle derives from the basic concept of equality permeating a marriage as understood today. Marriage, it is often said, is a partnership of equals. In 1992 Lord Ke ith of Kinkel approved Lord Emslie's observation that 'husband and wife are now for all practical purposes equal partners in marriage': R v R [1992] 1

Supply Chain and Demand Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Supply Chain and Demand Model - Essay Example Notably, the supply chain eliminates unsuitable suppliers and consumers that demean effective supply chain management. In a demand driven supply chain, consumers control the supply chain since the supply must provide everything that the consumer needs. Indeed, a demand-driven network forces the supply chain to produce new products at a speed defined by the demand model (Versloot, 2013). To enhance sustainable profits, an organization must ensure that its supply responds to demand. Since the supply chain is nonlinear, suppliers focus on the actual demand and purchase patterns as defined in the demand model (Versloot, 2013). Supply meets demand forecast in lead times. However, there is a need to adjust the supply at each level of the supply chain since actual demand is different from forecasted demand (Versloot, 2013). Notably, the relationship between supply chain and the supply and demand model determines the prices and quantities of products in the

Compare To an Athlete Dying Young and Ex-Basketball Player Term Paper - 1

Compare To an Athlete Dying Young and Ex-Basketball Player - Term Paper Example Updike talks about this failure as he had first hand experience of watching young people in his town ruining their lives. As he once said, â€Å"One of the dominant impressions of my growing-up in Pennsylvania - where I saw a lot of basketball games, thanks to my fathers being a high-school teacher and a ticket taker at home games - was the glory of home-town athletic stars, and their often anti-climactic post-graduation careers† (Monroe, â€Å"Inside Game†). Both the titles of the poem are in sync with the context or the content. The titles foreshadow and hence provide the readers with a general idea about the respective subjects of the poems. The title of â€Å"To an Athlete Dying Young† also hints upon the fact that this poem might be an elegy as the readers later find it to be true since the poem deals with death and is written in the memory of an athlete. The tone of the â€Å"Ex-Basketball Player† appears to be pessimistic. In very simple words, the poet depicts his disappointment regarding the behavior of the youth. On the other hand, although â€Å"To an Athlete Dying Young† is an elegy yet it has a comparatively optimistic tone because it portrays death as not only bliss but also describes it as a new beginning. The setting of the poem â€Å"Ex-Basketball Player† is a dreary and a sort of rundown gas station of 1946. The setting of the poem also adheres to the disappointed or dejected mood/tone of the poem. On the other â€Å"To an Athlete Dying Young† is set in an anonymous nineteenth century in town and a cemetery in England. â€Å"Ex-Basketball Player† does not follow any set pattern of rhyme scheme. The poet makes use of the technique of free verse and hence in very simple words conveys the poets perspective to the readers. On contrary â€Å"To an Athlete Dying Young† is a Lyrical poem with a rhyme scheme of AABB. Although it is

Netflix and Porter's Five Forces Model Coursework

Netflix and Porter's Five Forces Model - Coursework Example The HBO subscribers are able to watch any available movie on the network at any given time. For instance, Netflix customers have the ability to order movies online at a relative lower fee of $7.99 per month (Jones and Hill 42). Supplier power in the movie rentals is also recognized to be too low. The low supplier power can be attributed to few distributors who all sell their products at the same price. The customers’ bargaining power play a crucial role in determining the pressure they put on a particular market. According to the Five Forces Model, there are threats of substitute and services and they are moderately high. Free online streaming is another source of movie rentals. Websites such as Crackle.com and Hulu.com allow their users to watch movies online free of charge. Even though this provides a free alternative, there is a switching cost for the current Netflix users. Netflix customers can stream movies to their television sets through certain video game consoles. In the process of switching to the free online streaming, customers do not incur the monthly $7.99 fee. However, this only limits them to watch the movies on an internet accessible device (Kaplan 45). The threat of new entrants is the next force. This force can similarly be recognized to be moderately high. There are only a few barriers connected to the entry into the movie rental industry. The first barrier is the need to have the legal rights that will allow the company to supply copyrighted movies to its customers. This barrier seems tricky for a company entering the industry since it will hard for the company to overcome the barrier. Use of online services is another potential barrier to entry. With the current technological advancements, it will important for a new business to include online involvement. This point greatly emphasizes the threat of new companies entering the movie rental industry. With the option of free online streaming, a new web-based company will probably

William Shakespeare’s The Tempest and History Essay Example for Free

William Shakespeare’s The Tempest and History Essay Literature often reflects the times it is written in. Often, great stories come from the events of the day or some oft-talked about idea or thought. History, society and culture can mostly be studied well through the literature of that specific period. Here, we take a comprehensive look into The Tempest, one of the last plays written by the England’s greatest William Shakespeare. Regarded as a comedy in the beginning, it was later labeled as one of his late romances. The Tempest is arguably said to have been written in the early 17th century (1610-11). However, this is said to be so because it was entered into the Stationer’s Register in 1623, along with 16 other Shakespeare plays. The first recorded staging of the play was in the autumn of 1611 by the King’s Men. As with many other Shakespeare’s plays, the exact date is hypothetical. However, the comparisons, storyline and the society and situation he draws from are enough to conclude that the play was one his later and finer works, where even the stage commands were perfectly written. There are two interesting facts about the play, which is indicative of the literary supremacy of the play. The Tempest is said to be probably the last play which Shakespeare wrote alone. Also, it is one of only two plays, which has an original plot. As any other Shakespearean work, The Tempest has attracted the attention of many critics, across centuries. While some argue that the play should be seen as Shakespeare’s swansong and his praise of the theatre and its effects, many others seem to identify colonial strains in the play. Yet others say that it addresses the higher and philosophical questions of life. While all views are welcome, given that Shakespeare himself offered no explanation for writing the play, it would be enlightening to dwell on some predominant aspects of the play in detail. Shakespeare lived in England but his plays were rarely set in England. They were set mostly in Italy. This one takes place somewhere in the Mediterranean, on an island. Many say that the island in his mind was the Bermudas. Shakespeare is unlikely to have travelled to Italy in his time but he surely knew a lot about life there, thanks to the great classics in which he buried himself. More than giving us a glimpse into the history of England, his plays give us a sneak peek into the history of Italy. Coming back to The Tempest, it can be safely concluded that the play gives three strong undercurrents: 1) The theme of shipwreck 2) The theme of slavery, and in a broader perspective, the theme of colonialism. 3) The theme of human questions, like, what is man? How much does he govern his life and the lives of others? We will try and analyze each, while trying to place it in a historical context. Shipwrecks A certain history paper available online, presented by Luke Sakowski, reveals a very interesting point. The period between 1600 and 1700 has been called the Age of Reason. It was the age of new learning. People were becoming more receptive to new ideas. They were accepting the world and thoughts beyond their own society. Here is a quote from Sakowski’s paper. During the period, the explorers from the countries of Europe continue to search for new worlds, and ways to gain wealth. The civilizations of Asia and the Middle East remain within their natural boundaries because they had no reason to leave their countries; they preferred to be separated from the rest of the world. Thus, shipwrecks were a contemporary event in the 17th century, when there were many expeditions led by individuals and nations. Erasmus’ Naufragium (the Shipwreck- translated into English in 1606), William Strauchey’s True Reportory of the Wracke ( an eye-witness account of the shipwreck at the Bermudas, written in 1610 and Peter Martyr’s De Orbo Novo, translated into English in 1555, are said to have influenced The Tempest. Not only are shipwrecks fodder for storytellers, it is also an event in history. Each century, every 50 years or even a decade is identified by a great tragedy in air, water or otherwise. The most noted example to anyone in the 20th and 21st centuries is the tragedy of the Titanic. Every ship is compared to it, every anniversary is remembered and similar stories are written. So also, in Shakespeare’s time, shipwrecks, irrespective of whether there was any loss of life or not would have been documents in the efforts of a country to discover or visit other shores. However, the Summer 1996 Shakespeare Oxford Newsletter clearly states that even after careful study of the William Strachey’s and Silvester Jourdain’s pamphlets (in Wright’s 1964 A Voyage to Virginia in 1609), they were not particularly impressed with the parallels. Also, it is important to understand the affectations of the time. It was easy for Shakespeare to write about an island, a shipwreck, magic and a tempest, knowing well that the audience would be able to relate to it. Today, it would seem highly unlikely. The colonial theme In spite of many treating it as a pure work of art, distanced from politics and indicative of the artist and his skill, the dominant colonial theme in The Tempest is most interesting. Professor Thomas Cartelli called The Tempest as â€Å"a privileged text in the history of colonialist discourse†. There is a master here, Prospero, and two slaves – Ariel and Caliban. There is an island, which was captured by Prospero with his magical powers. It is explained in the second scene that when he had first reached the island, Prospero had used Caliban’s knowledge and had learnt about the island. But later, he enslaved Caliban, while even educating and ‘civilizing’ him. So also, Prospero freed Ariel, who was buried in a tree, by a curse from the earlier inhabitant of the island, Sycorax, Caliban’s mother. While most critics tend to see the colonial strain through the character of Caliban, it could be a mistake to overlook the character of Ariel in this context. He is also bullied and taunted by Prospero and threatened to perform his wishes. He keeps reminding Prospero of the freedom he was promised, to which again the reply is taunting. The major difference between Ariel and Caliban is the approach they take towards Prospero. While one obeys him most willingly, looking forward to the freedom that he is promised, Caliban does so most hatefully. He resents Prospero and makes his resentment known. He even goes to the extent of saying that the language that Prospero taught him has come as a blessing because he can now curse him using it. The takeover of the island can be taken as a direct reference to the colonization of islands, and the civilizing of Caliban can be the inculcation of Western ideals and education in the natives. But nothing is conclusive. More so, because it is not sure whether the playwright was for or against colonialism. While his protagonist, Prospero, uses his powers for the rightful purposes, Shakespeare has to a certain extent, justified the resentment of Caliban and even Ariel. Many critics have dwelt on the discourse of colonialism in The Tempest in depth. Reginald Shepherd, author of Orpheus in the Bronx, wrote in his blog that The Tempest, if read in relation to the (evolving and inconsistent) English colonial project in the New World, lays out the real contradictions it will imaginarily (that is, ideologically) resolve with exemplary clarity. By allowing the â€Å"Other† to speak and make his case, if only in the ostensible master’s language, the text permits the undermining of the colonialist discourse it not only participates in but in some ways inaugurates, Shepherd wrote. It is important to understand the position that Shakespeare takes in interpreting the play. In my view, Shakespeare has cleverly incorporated what he thinks of colonialism into the play, enlightening and confusing us at the same time. While he is trying to make a hero of Prospero, he is also trying to evoke sympathy for Caliban and Ariel. Though there is no pardon for what Caliban has done (trying to rape Miranda), Shakespeare presents an idol for him to look up to – Ariel. Some have tried to draw influences of the Crusades in the play. However, it is a historical fact that the Crusades were fought much earlier in the 12th century. Going at a tangent, I would like to say that seeking Christian themes in the play would be a rather easy task. Almost all of Shakespeare’s plays have good, evil, forgiveness, revenge and repentance. It is a given that Shakespeare lived in an era where he would have been influenced by the Church and its preaching. The human theme This brings me to the third theme of the play. The human aspect. It is said that Shakespeare was also influenced by Montaigne’s essay Of Cannibals, while writing The Tempest. A striking proof of this is the fact that Caliban is an anagram for cannibal. However, I would like to bring to your notice to the similarities in the names of Caliban and Ariel with Cain and Abel. While there are many characters in the play, these two are in the centre along with Prospero. Most of the human or inhuman characteristics revolve around them. Power is the dominant word in the play. Every man wants to have the power to at least control his own world. His actions are governed by the yearning for this power. To a certain extent, Prospero is successful in getting the power. His magic gives him the power to govern the island and even the seas. Ariel causes the tempest, on Prospero’s command. However, he failed when in the first place, his throne as duke of Milan was usurped by his younger brother. He was unable to use his power to prevent himself from being banished. In Milan, his magic did not work. Twelve years after his banishment, he wants revenge. And circumstance gives him that opportunity. However, his idea of power and justice is subjective. We see that on the island, where Prospero is the sole authority, he has no qualms about enslaving Caliban and Ariel. It may seem a little ridiculous to the reader, but one should understand that it is a perspective play. It is seen from the eyes of the protagonist. Public sympathies are always with Prospero, and even more with Miranda. The good-natured Ariel is almost taken for granted and Caliban hardly deserves sympathy. After all, he is a deformed person, hardly human. However, there is justification for all at the end of the play, as in other Shakespeare romances. Prospero returns to his rightful throne, he forgives his brother and his conspirators, Ferdinand and Miranda get married and more importantly, Caliban and Ariel get their freedom, as promised. But an unexpected development is that Prospero relinquishes his magical powers on the island. There is an underlying message that he may not have to use it ever again. William Shakespeare was a true renaissance writer. He supported the cause of the arts. However, in spite of the new thinking that was setting in, there was the underlying truth that good characteristics were always rewarded in the end. Society was still in transition and knowledge was up for the grabs. Shakespeare was careful not to make any mistakes in the play. He was mindful of his audience. He met the requirements of the stage. He even went further and brought in a lot of music and effects. His work was certainly ahead of his times. Still, the play is set in the certain period and satisfied the thinking of that period, so much so that it was termed ‘great’ by many. Shakespeare heralded the Renaissance. Humanism – how much humans could accomplish – was prominent in his writings. He explored colonialism in a way that would out the audience in thought. Expeditions and discoveries of lands were one thing but taking over another’s land was another. If you say Shakespeare and colonialism in the same breath, The Tempest is the only example, though race and color has been also presented in Othello. Concluding this discourse about The Tempest and history, I would like to quote Anne Barton. â€Å"The Tempest is an extraordinarily obliging work of art. It will lend itself to almost any interpretation, any set of meanings imposed upon it: it will even make them shine. †

Working With Couples Considering Divorce Essay Example for Free

Working With Couples Considering Divorce Essay The video documentary entitled â€Å"Working with Couples Considering Divorce† is an enlightening presentation about the rigors of divorce which individuals go through. Dr. William J. Doherty demonstrates the techniques he implored in dealing with people who are in a dilemma of resorting to divorce as a solution to marriage problems (Doherty, n. d. ). A couple visited Dr. Doherty’s therapy clinic to seek for advice and therapy regarding their situation. They are thinking of dissolving their marriage which has run for twelve years, and which has given them two children. The husband has already moved out recently and is considering divorce with his wife, who considers it as well. By listening to each of them, Doherty is able to highlight a prognosis of their situation, see its overview and finally treat is as a unit. The couple is able to resolve their ambivalence in their commitment with Dr. Doherty’s six-month therapy in which both of them will try to work on their marriage for six months before making a decision regarding their marriage. The doctor’s manner of dealing with the issue is talking to both of them as a couple, to each individually, taking turns, and then back together. Dr. Doherty is able to demonstrate the importance of communication between couples in resolving the dilemmas they encountered about their marriage – whether to keep the marriage or to discard it. Several couples in the United States encounter the same ambivalence, which often leads to deciding towards divorce since divorce is a common thing and is usually being resorted to most often as an immediate recourse. Couples wouldn’t normally sit down and talk about their differences, and would give up after a few tries. Divorce is usually the easiest way out for several couples in the midst of an assailing matrimonial problem. This is the reason why only a few marriages in the United States survive, and couples are left with facing a new life, a new perspective, and a new dimension as a divorcee, usually battling depression and emotional turmoil as an outcome. This is not to mention the financial losses that go with the divorce process, especially on the payment of alimony on the part of the ex-husband. The video documentary entitled â€Å"Working with Couples Considering Divorce† is able to demonstrate to us that there is a sure-fire way to get out of the divorce parameters, and that couples, given a chance for a paradigm shift otherwise known as a change of view about their marriage structure, would not opt to look at this devastating occurrence. Oftentimes, as couples are carried away with the social bandwagon of divorce in which several married couples ride on so easily, they look at this direction to why not ride as well and view divorce as an immediate recourse for the ultimate solution to their problems. As American society is highly oriented towards individualism, the surge towards divorce is a very likely and favorably convenient option especially if one sees his/her marriage as burdensome or makes him carry several responsibilities. The easiest way is the way out, or so several couples thought. The strong attachment to commercialism is also one factor that may contribute to the rising statistics of divorce in the United States, apart from the strong stances towards individualism as the society’s goal. This leads us into an inference that since couples are inclined towards material fulfillment, several marriages are assailed by this objective and are often lost in the enhancement of their jobs and career, with the marriage and the family left in the sidelines. The fast-paced lifestyle of most American households also holds witness to its link with divorce occurrences, as people are used to resolving issues and problems in a speedy manner and divorce is one speedy remedy for a trembling and unstable marriage. However, the video documentary is able to put forward a conclusion that divorce is not always the way out, and that it is not easy at all. Hence, couples should not view it as the easiest remedy. There are emotional, psychological, and mental investments which couples have invested in their marriage, one of them are their children and the emotional attachment already established in years of being together. Thus, foregoing the marriage out of a more convenient living is not a likely solution for letting people who used to be part of one’s life and are closed to one’s heart slip away that easy. Dr. Doherty is aware of the potential rigors that each of the couple would go though had they considered divorce. It is clear that in the video review, the couple’s problems are not that unbridled or epidemic, nor was there any element of domestic violence for example, which is a very likely rational reason to end the marriage, for both the wife’s sake and that of the children’s. Rather, the issues involved in the couple who visited Dr. Doherty for marriage counseling and therapy only include drifting away of the husband and the wife, making them feel as if they were not couples anymore or were not functioning as such. Hence, ending the marriage through divorce is one solution they both consider. As communication is important in couples in order to find the right solution to their problems, it is evident that the couples had lack of it or seemed to have gone inutile in properly dealing with it regarding their differences. As such, their visit to Dr. Doherty is both a timely and advisable one, since they are able to redirect themselves towards it again. It takes a marriage therapy for both of them to be enlightened about their marriage situation, see it as a whole unit in a positive perspective, and seek only positive remedies that are both beneficial and appropriate for it. The couples are able to undertake this successfully in their consultation therapy with Dr. Doherty. With the therapy, they are able to view the internal causes of their marriage, which slowly but surely drifts apart, see it as a personal obligation and commitment to repair, undertake a fresh way to deal with the dilemma, and finally decide to start anew, not by opting for divorce but through renewing each other’s commitment in the marriage. It is necessary that the couples be guided accordingly on viewing their situation, not merely offering them a concrete solution, but leading them towards seeing their problems individually and as a couple, creating and re-creating a solution for these problems, considering the entire scenario in the decision making, and renewing and redirecting earlier stances into more stable and ground-founded ones. This is how Dr. Doherty is able to lead the couple in dealing with their ambivalence about divorce. Certainly, a marriage therapist like Dr. Doherty always aims for the preservation of marriage, and he is able to do this successfully in the couple through their own analysis of their situation and by being redirected into a different perspective on their marriage. It is clear that Dr. Doherty used Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in his dealing with the couple’s problems, which is geared towards modifying cognitions, assumptions, beliefs, and behaviors (Stuart, et al. , 2004). Dr. Doherty is able to outline potential unrealistic and unhelpful beliefs and assumptions which the couple considers, along with trying out new ways of behaving and reacting. This is illustrated in the view that â€Å"the marriage is doomed,† that â€Å"it won’t work out no matter how much we try,† that â€Å"we cannot settle our differences and we have to file a divorce and move on with our new lives. † These perspectives are the perspectives that the couple in the video documentary had upon visiting Dr. Doherty’s clinic, which was then refocused after a thorough therapy of six months. With the six-month therapy, the couple is able to see the importance of their marriage and the significance of nourishing the time of being together through a renewed perspective. Through this, the manner of behaving and reacting on their marriage is changed into a more favorable and beneficial one. The ambivalence for divorce is solved this way though Dr. Doherty’s help. References: Doherty, W. (n. d. ) Working with couples considering divorce. DVD. ISBN: 1-59147-440-X Stuart, R. B. , Broderick, C. , and Gurman, A. S. (2004) Helping couples change: A social learning approach to marital therapy. The Guilford Press.

Rate of convergence and bisection

Rate of convergence and bisection Rate of convergence estimate of the speed with which a given sequence or iteration approaches its limit, often measured by the number of terms or evaluations involved in obtaining a given accuracy. Although strictly speaking, a limit does not give information about any finite first part of the sequence, this concept is of practical importance if we deal with a sequence of successive approximations for an iterative method, as then typically fewer iterations are needed to yield a useful approximation if the rate of convergence is higher. This may even make the difference between needing ten or a million iterations. Rate of convergence is measured in terms of rate at which the relative error decreases between successive approximations. There are mainly two type of convergence: linear and quadratic. Convergence of a sequence subject to the condition, for p > 1, that as n increases is called pth-order convergence; for example, quadratic convergence when p = 2. One similarly speaks of logarithmic convergence or exponential convergence. The Bisection Method In mathematics, the bisection method is a root-finding algorithm which repeatedly bisects an interval then selects a subinterval in which a root must lie for further processing. It is a very simple and robust method, but it is also relatively slow. The bisection method is simple, robust, and straight-forward: take an interval [a, b] such that f(a) and f(b) have opposite signs, find the midpoint of [a, b], and then decide whether the root lies on [a, (a + b)/2] or [(a + b)/2, b]. Repeat until the interval is sufficiently small. The bisection method, suitable for implementation on a computer allows to find the roots of the equation f (x) = 0, based on the following theorem: Theorem: If f is continuous for x between a and b and if f (a) and f(b) have opposite signs, then there exists at least one real root of f (x) = 0 between a and b. Procedure: Suppose that a continuous function f is negative at x = a and positive at x = b, so that there is at least one real root between a and b. (As a rule, a and b may be found from a graph of f.) If we calculate f ((a +b)/2), which is the function value at the point of bisection of the interval a f ((a + b)/2) = 0, in which case (a + b)/2 is the root; f ((a + b)/2) f ((a + b)/2) > 0, in which case the root lies between a and (a + b)/2. Advantages and drawbacks of the bisection method Advantages of Bisection Method The bisection method is always convergent. Since the method brackets the root, the method is guaranteed to converge. As iterations are conducted, the interval gets halved. So one can guarantee the decrease in the error in the solution of the equation. Drawbacks of Bisection Method The convergence of bisection method is slow as it is simply based on halving the interval. If one of the initial guesses is closer to the root, it will take larger number of iterations to reach the root. If a function is such that it just touches the x-axis (Figure 3.8) such as it will be unable to find the lower guess, , and upper guess, , such that For functions where there is a singularity and it reverses sign at the singularity, bisection method may converge on the singularity (Figure 3.9). An example include and, are valid initial guesses which satisfy . However, the function is not continuous and the theorem that a root exists is also not applicable. Figure.3.8. Function has a single root at that cannot be bracketed. Figure.3.9. Function has no root but changes sign. False position method The false-position method is a modification on the bisection method. The false position method or regula falsi method is a root-finding algorithm that combines features from the bisection method and the secant method. If it is known that the root lies on [a,  b], then it is reasonable that we can approximate the function on the interval by interpolating the points (a, f(a)) and (b, f(b)).  The method of false position dates back to the ancient Egyptians. It remains an effective alternative to the bisection method for solving the equation f(x) = 0 for a real root between a and b, given that f (x) is continuous and f (a) and f(b) have opposite signs. The algorithm is suitable for automatic computation Procedure: The curve  y = f(x)  is not generally a straight line. However, one may join the points (a,f(a)) and (b,f(b)) by the straight line Thus straight line cuts the  x-axis at (X, 0) where so that Suppose that  f(a)  is negative and  f(b)  is positive. As in the bisection method, there are the three possibilities : f(X) = 0, when case  X  is the  root  ; f(X) f(X)>0, when the root lies between  X  and  a. Again, in Case  1, the process is terminated, in either Case  2  or Case  3, the process can be repeated until the root is obtained to the desired accuracy. Convergence of False Position Method and Bisection Method Source code for False Position Method: Example code of False-position method C code was written for clarity instead of efficiency. It was designed to solve the same problem as solved by the Newtons method and secant method code: to find the positive number x where cos(x) = x3. This problem is transformed into a root-finding problem of the form f(x) = cos(x) x3 = 0. #include #include double f(double x) { return cos(x) x*x*x; } double FalsiMethod(double s, double t, double e, int m) { int n,side=0; double r,fr,fs = f(s),ft = f(t); for (n = 1; n { r = (fs*t ft*s) / (fs ft); if (fabs(t-s) fr = f(r); if (fr * ft > 0) { t = r; ft = fr; if (side==-1) fs /= 2; side = -1; } else if (fs * fr > 0) { s = r; fs = fr; if (side==+1) ft /= 2; side = +1; } else break; } return r; } int main(void) { printf(%0.15fn, FalsiMethod(0, 1, 5E-15, 100)); return 0; } After running this code, the final answer is approximately 0.865474033101614 Example 1 Consider finding the root of f(x) = x2 3. Let ÃŽÂ µstep = 0.01, ÃŽÂ µabs = 0.01 and start with the interval [1, 2]. Table 1. False-position method applied to f(x)  =  x2 3. a b f(a) f(b) c f(c) Update Step Size 1.0 2.0 -2.00 1.00 1.6667 -0.2221 a = c 0.6667 1.6667 2.0 -0.2221 1.0 1.7273 -0.0164 a = c 0.0606 1.7273 2.0 -0.0164 1.0 1.7317 0.0012 a = c 0.0044 Thus, with the third iteration, we note that the last step 1.7273 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1.7317 is less than 0.01 and |f(1.7317)| Note that after three iterations of the false-position method, we have an acceptable answer (1.7317 where f(1.7317) = -0.0044) whereas with the bisection method, it took seven iterations to find a (notable less accurate) acceptable answer (1.71344 where f(1.73144) = 0.0082) Example 2 Consider finding the root of f(x) = e-x(3.2 sin(x) 0.5 cos(x)) on the interval [3, 4], this time with ÃŽÂ µstep = 0.001, ÃŽÂ µabs = 0.001. Table 2. False-position method applied to f(x)  = e-x(3.2 sin(x) 0.5 cos(x)). a b f(a) f(b) c f(c) Update Step Size 3.0 4.0 0.047127 -0.038372 3.5513 -0.023411 b = c 0.4487 3.0 3.5513 0.047127 -0.023411 3.3683 -0.0079940 b = c 0.1830 3.0 3.3683 0.047127 -0.0079940 3.3149 -0.0021548 b = c 0.0534 3.0 3.3149 0.047127 -0.0021548 3.3010 -0.00052616 b = c 0.0139 3.0 3.3010 0.047127 -0.00052616 3.2978 -0.00014453 b = c 0.0032 3.0 3.2978 0.047127 -0.00014453 3.2969 -0.000036998 b = c 0.0009 Thus, after the sixth iteration, we note that the final step, 3.2978 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 3.2969 has a size less than 0.001 and |f(3.2969)| In this case, the solution we found was not as good as the solution we found using the bisection method (f(3.2963) = 0.000034799) however, we only used six instead of eleven iterations. Source code for Bisection method #include #include #define epsilon 1e-6 main() { double g1,g2,g,v,v1,v2,dx; int found,converged,i; found=0; printf( enter the first guessn); scanf(%lf,g1); v1=g1*g1*g1-15; printf(value 1 is %lfn,v1); while (found==0) { printf(enter the second guessn); scanf(%lf,g2); v2=g2*g2*g2-15; printf( value 2 is %lfn,v2); if (v1*v2>0) {found=0;} else found=1; } printf(right guessn); i=1; while (converged==0) { printf(n iteration=%dn,i); g=(g1+g2)/2; printf(new guess is %lfn,g); v=g*g*g-15; printf(new value is%lfn,v); if (v*v1>0) { g1=g; printf(the next guess is %lfn,g); dx=(g1-g2)/g1; } else { g2=g; printf(the next guess is %lfn,g); dx=(g1-g2)/g1; } if (fabs(dx)less than epsilon {converged=1;} i=i+1; } printf(nth calculated value is %lfn,v); } Example 1 Consider finding the root of f(x) = x2 3. Let ÃŽÂ µstep = 0.01, ÃŽÂ µabs = 0.01 and start with the interval [1, 2]. Table 1. Bisection method applied to f(x)  =  x2 3. a b f(a) f(b) c  =  (a  +  b)/2 f(c) Update new b à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ a 1.0 2.0 -2.0 1.0 1.5 -0.75 a = c 0.5 1.5 2.0 -0.75 1.0 1.75 0.062 b = c 0.25 1.5 1.75 -0.75 0.0625 1.625 -0.359 a = c 0.125 1.625 1.75 -0.3594 0.0625 1.6875 -0.1523 a = c 0.0625 1.6875 1.75 -0.1523 0.0625 1.7188 -0.0457 a = c 0.0313 1.7188 1.75 -0.0457 0.0625 1.7344 0.0081 b = c 0.0156 1.71988 1.7344 -0.0457 0.0081 1.7266 -0.0189 a = c 0.0078 Thus, with the seventh iteration, we note that the final interval, [1.7266, 1.7344], has a width less than 0.01 and |f(1.7344)| Example 2 Consider finding the root of f(x) = e-x(3.2 sin(x) 0.5 cos(x)) on the interval [3, 4], this time with ÃŽÂ µstep = 0.001, ÃŽÂ µabs = 0.001. Table 1. Bisection method applied to f(x)  = e-x(3.2 sin(x) 0.5 cos(x)). a b f(a) f(b) c  =  (a  +  b)/2 f(c) Update new b à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ a 3.0 4.0 0.047127 -0.038372 3.5 -0.019757 b = c 0.5 3.0 3.5 0.047127 -0.019757 3.25 0.0058479 a = c 0.25 3.25 3.5 0.0058479 -0.019757 3.375 -0.0086808 b = c 0.125 3.25 3.375 0.0058479 -0.0086808 3.3125 -0.0018773 b = c 0.0625 3.25 3.3125 0.0058479 -0.0018773 3.2812 0.0018739 a = c 0.0313 3.2812 3.3125 0.0018739 -0.0018773 3.2968 -0.000024791 b = c 0.0156 3.2812 3.2968 0.0018739 -0.000024791 3.289 0.00091736 a = c 0.0078 3.289 3.2968 0.00091736 -0.000024791 3.2929 0.00044352 a = c 0.0039 3.2929 3.2968 0.00044352 -0.000024791 3.2948 0.00021466 a = c 0.002 3.2948 3.2968 0.00021466 -0.000024791 3.2958 0.000094077 a = c 0.001 3.2958 3.2968 0.000094077 -0.000024791 3.2963 0.000034799 a = c 0.0005 Thus, after the 11th iteration, we note that the final interval, [3.2958, 3.2968] has a width less than 0.001 and |f(3.2968)| Comparison of rate of convergence for bisection and false-position method Like the bisection method, the method of false position has almost assured convergence, and it may converge to a root faster. Finally, note that bisection is rather slow; after  n  iterations the interval containing the root is of length  (b a)/2n. However, provided values of  f  can be generated readily, as when a computer is used, the rather large number of iterations which can be involved in the application of bisection is of relatively little consequence. The false position method would be better i.e. converges to the root more rapidly as it takes into account the relative magnitudes of f(b) and f(a) unlike bisection which just uses the midpoint of a and b, where [a,b] is the interval over which the root occurs. Following is the example of the convergence rate of bisection method and false position method for the similar equation which shows that rate of convergence of false position method is faster than that of the bisection method.

Articles of Confederation :: American America History

Articles of Confederation Soon after the Revolutionary War in America, a new government was started when the Articles of Confederation (Articles) were adopted by the Continental Congress. The Articles set up a democratic government that gave the States the power to make their own laws and to enforce them. However, the Articles were ineffective and failed to provide a strong government. During this Critical Period in the history of the United States, regionalism and anarchy were growing because of the following reasons. 1) The Continental Congress controlled public affairs but there was nothing in the Articles that gave Congress the power to enforce laws or unify the States. 2) There was no solid monetary system to ensure that taxes would be paid or to protect commerce, both nationally and foreign trade. 3) The country lacked unity and strength because there was no leadership. The Articles were ineffective because Congress only had the power to recommend actions to the States. It could not enforce its recommendations or laws. Each State had its own constitution, monetary system, and means to enforce the law. Each State had a stronger commitment to the State laws and to the State's own self interests than to the recommendations of Congress. Regionalism pitted one State against another, which decreased the sense of unity in the country. For example, when Congress recommended an impost, or duty, on imported goods, the State of Rhode Island voted to reject the idea because they felt it was unfair and was against the constitution of the State (Document A). The Articles failed to provide a solid monetary system to ensure that taxes would be paid or to protect commerce. Congress had no way to collect taxes to pay off pre-war debts. This led to chaos and anarchy when soldiers that hadn't been paid marched on Philadelphia, and Congress had to flee to Princeton New Jersey (Document C). Each State had it's own money, but there was no national money system. Since the money had no value from state to state, the people began to use the barter system of trade. This reduced the amount of trade and importation of goods. There was very little economic progress and growth during this period even though the population was increasing. (Document B). Self interest of the States and of individuals added to the cause of the problems. For example, John Jay tried to create a treaty with Great Britain that would have been bad for the merchants of the United States but it would have paid off the war debt.

Grapes Of Wrath :: essays research papers

Grapes of Wrath Explain how the behavior of the Joads shows Steinbeck’s view of the responsibility of the individual to society as a whole. Chapter 14 made an interesting point. At one point in the chapter it was stated that a farmer lost his farm. As this man’s family picks up their belongings and heads west they meet up with another family dealing with a similar situation. Now these two families share a common bond. A brotherhood is forming. This is the catalyst. No longer is it one farmer saying he lost his land but two farmers united saying they lost their land. Much the same transformation happens to the Joad family – especially to the characters of Ma, Young Tom, and Rose of Sharon. At the onset of the novel we see the Joad family struggling just to keep their immediate family together. They are focused on just themselves. By the end of this wonderful book we see the Joad family branching out in many different ways to embrace all of mankind as one big family. Ma Joad’s main concern at the beginning of the story is her family. She wants to keep the unit together and works diligently to achieve this goal. However, one by one, family members leave the group for various reasons leading to the slow but sure disintegration of the Joad clan. The first to go is Noah; then Grandpa and Grandma die;Connie walks off and leaves Rose of Sharon; Young Tom leaves because he has gotten into trouble again; and Al becomes engaged and decides to go with his fiancee’s family. Ma deals with each loss as best she can. As the story progresses, we find Ma Joad becoming more and more concerned with people outside the family unit. She feels the need to share whatever meager food and belongings her family has with other families enduring hardships. She saw the needs of her own family at the beginning of the story and by the end of the novel, she sees the needs of her fellow man. Young Tom appears to be self-centered when he if first introduced. He has just left prison after serving four years for murder. Tom want to enjoy life to the fullest and to be with his family. He is very disturbed to find the family home deserted and almost destroyed. He by this time has reacquainted himself with Jim Casey, an ex-preacher. The more Tom listens to Jim and his views on life, the soul of man, and the fellowship of mankind, the less he focuses on himself and his needs. He then begins to focus on the plight and abuse of the homeless farmers.

The Merchant Of Venice :: Free Merchant of Venice Essays

The Merchant of Venice   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The playgoers of Shakespeare's times, a successful drama was one that combined a variety of action, along with a mixture of verse and prose in the language used. This variety was achieved, and character and atmosphere was summarized. Modern playwrights tend to describe their characters in detail in the stage directions, leaving very little for the reader to discover. However, Shakespeare's describing of a character is scarce. Usually, when reading Shakespeare's work, the audience has to detect the personality of the character by the character's action in the play, relationship towards other characters in the play , and most of all the character's manner of speech. Most of the times, the passages are of great poetic beauty discussing love, dramatic speeches filled with bombast, humorous speeches, and mischievous wordplays.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Passages of great poetic beauty discussing love are very common in all of Shakespeare's texts. For example in The Merchant of Venice, before Bassanio is about to select the correct casket, he is urged by Portia to delay his selection in case he fails. However Bassanio wishes to continue. Portia:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I pray you tarry, pause a day or two   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before you hazard, for in choosing wrong   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I lose your company. Therefore forbear awhile.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There's something tells me (but it is not love) I would not lose you, and you know yourself   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hate consels not in such a quality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  But lest you should not understand my well-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  And yet a maiden hath no tongue but thought-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I would detatin you here some month or two   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before you venture for me. I could teach you   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How to choose right, but then I am forsworn.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  So will I never be; so may you miss me;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  But if you do, you'll make me wish a sin-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  That I had been forsworn. Beshrew your eyes!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  They have o'erlooked me and divided me;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One half of me is yours, the other half yours-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mine own, I would say, but if mine, then yours,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  And so all yours! O, these naughty times   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Put bars between the owners and their rights!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  And so, though yours, not yours. Prove it so,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Let Fortune go to hell for it, not I.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I speak too long, but 'tis to piece the time,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To eke it, and to draw it out in length,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To stay you from election. Bassanio:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Let me choose,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For as I am , I live upon the rack.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This love dialogue between Bassanio and Portia before he chooses is filled with elegant connotation. They are both respective and responsive to one anothe, and they understand each other instantly.

Outsourcing Prospects of Bangladesh

Outsourcing prospects of Bangladesh ————————————————- Top of Form Bottom of Form Both Japan and Bangladesh have always shared good bilateral relations during the last three decades, with Japan providing its services as an important development partner to Bangladesh. Besides cultural and political cooperation, economic cooperation between these two countries has always been prominent. The foundation of this economic cooperation has been aid (both financial, infrastructural and in terms of technical skill building of human resources), trade and investments.Japan has always been keen on introducing new technology to Bangladesh, and today they are looking to tapping Bangladesh ICT resources in the form of offshore outsourcing. To establish this point, the Japanese embassy in Bangladesh brought in Professor Dr. Keiko Morisawa from Osaka City University, Japan, to provide an info rmative lecture on the present situation and challenges of IT service industry, through her wealth of experience in Southeast Asian countries. Organised by the Information and Cultural division of the Japanese Embassy, the program was held at the Lakeshore Hotel, Dhaka, on August 6. Through the lecture, Dr.Morisawa shared her thoughts on the scope and possibilities of the IT sector in Bangladesh, more specifically in terms of offshore outsourcing. She also pointed out some directions for building a cooperative relationship with the Japanese ICT service industry. The program was chaired by Minister-Counselor and Charge d'Affaires, Embassy of Japan, Hiramitsu Hida and was attended by AKM Abdul Awal Mazumder, secretary, Ministry of Science and ICT as the Chief Guest. Other guests included distinguished persons from government, national and international organisations, as well faculty and students of universities. Dr.Morisawa, specialist on Southeast Asian industries, spoke of two major IT destinations, China and India, which geographically surround Bangladesh. She also gave an analysis of the Philippines and Vietnamese offshore markets and how Bangladesh can learn from their success stories. After the lecture, in an exclusive interview with The Daily Star, Dr. Morisawa stressed on how Bangladesh and Japan can benefit each other and promote growth in their economies. According to Dr. Morisawa, four major countries dominate the offshore outsourcing industry. These have been collectively named BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China).However, of late, these countries have been facing certain problems. Brazil and China are hardly utilising their potential, Russia lacks government support and China and India themselves may be turning to non-BRIC locations at least partially to secure low cost and labor availabilities. Currently, China is the leading offshore destination from Japan, followed by India, Philippines and Vietnam respectively. Dr. Morisawa gave suggestions th rough which Bangladesh and Myanmar could follow the success examples of Philippines and Vietnam to enter the Japanese market and catch up or even outpace the two.Philippines have the advantage of having English as the linguistic infrastructure and quite smartly, chose to cooperate with India, rather than compete. They decided to look for nearshoring opportunities from India. ‘Nearshoring' is the same as offshoring, only difference is that the outsourcer country is closer in distance or time zone. When asked about Vietnam, she explained that Vietnam is a cheaper market and much more keen to gain access to the Japanese industries. It encourages its citizens to learn Japanese.Moreover, the social and political stability and security in Vietnam is also a driving factor encouraging Japanese interest. Dr. Morisawa believes that if Bangladesh follows the Philippines' example, it can speed up economic development. She suggested that Bangladesh should seek positions for nearshoring wit h BRIC countries, specifically India. â€Å"Bangladesh has huge potential for ITO (IT Outsourcing) and BPO (Business Process Outsourcing)†, she says. Right now, Bangladesh can be considered competent in IT sectors like web-page and multimedia design, relational database application development and data processing among others.However, Dr. Morisawa recommends that Bangladesh should be keen towards getting BPO work too, not just ITO. Bangladesh companies should also try to aim for more offshore work from Japan. For this, Japanese language education and training in Japanese business customs should be promoted. Moreover, ITEE (IT Engineering Exam) skill standards, a prerequisite for the BPO market, should be developed. Finally, more advertising and marketing need to be done to Japan by the Bangladesh ITO and BPO industries. Dr.Morisawa also informed that the Japanese government is keen on recruiting overseas students to Japan. As part of its ‘300,000 International Students Plan', Japan aims to welcome 300,000 students from across the globe by 2020 as part of its ‘Global Strategy'. In his speech AKM Abdul Awal Mazumder mentioned that the government has taken up initiatives to ensure a good environment for IT entrepreneurs to thrive in Bangladesh through incentives and infrastructural facilities, such as state sponsored IT villages that offer high-tech offices for rental by IT companies both Bangladesh and foreign.Therefore, the government has already started making its first moves. With a healthy alliance between the IT industries, the government and Educational institutions, offshore outsourcing may be the next big boost for Bangladesh economic growth. â€Å"Japan and Bangladesh can work together to realize this global IT strategy. It's all about cooperation and collaboration†, says Dr. Keiko Morisawa. source: The Daily Star

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

DIABETIC ketoacidosis INTRODUCTION diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a really real complication of diabetes mellitus, a metabolous rowdiness that is characterized by hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis, and change magnitude consistence ketone concentrations. The well-nigh special K excites of DKA atomic number 18 contagion and poor compliance with medication regimens. opposite get tos include undiagnosed diabetes, alcohol abuse, and a multitude of aesculapian conditions such as cerebrovascular accident (CVA), obscure pregnancy, myocardial infarction, pancreatitis, and stress. diabetic ketoacidosis is a complicated pathology.Early recognition of DKA, a good pinch of the pathological processes of DKA, and aggressive manipulation argon the keys to successful treatment. With good cargon, DKA apprise be managed and the unhurried will survive. OBJECTIVES When the student has spot slight studying this module, he/she will be able to 1. secern the correct rendering of DKA. 2. discoer a basic portion of insulin. 3. come out(a) the insulin derangements of types I and II diabetes. 4. locate the basic cause of DKA. 5. Identify both specific causes of DKA. 6. Identify the cardinal unwellnessful mechanisms that produce the signs/symptoms of DKA. . Identify metabolic consequences of increased hormone concentrations in DKA. 8. Identify the criteria use to diagnose DKA. 9. Identify putting green signs and symptoms of DKA. 10. Identify science lab ab hauntities seen in DKA. 11. Identify complications of DKA. 12. Identify the three well-nigh alpha therapies for treating DKA. 13. Identify the correct roles of atomic number 11 hydrogen carbonate and ortho ortho ortho orthophosphate in treating DKA. 14. Identify an important recipe for using atomic number 19 electric switch in DKA. 15. Identify an important rule for displacement from IV to subcutaneous insulin.EPIDEMIOLOGY to the highest degree cases of DKA be seen in persevering roles with typ e I diabetes, still nigh 10%-30% of all cases of DKA march on in tolerant of roles with type II diabetes. 1 The relative incidence of DKA appears to be rising, and this whitethorn non be related to to the well air increase in the incidence of diabetes that has twist a serious public health problem. 2 diabetic ketoacidosis accounts for 50% of all diabetes-related admissions in young spate with the disease, and DKA is the most super C cause of diabetes-related demise in children and adolescents with type I diabetes. diabetic ketoacidosis is oft more familiar in children than in crowings, it is more common in women than in men, and it is more common in Caucasians. 4 The exact incidence of death from DKA is non ben, but it has been estimated to be amid 1%-10%. 5 endurance depends on the severity of the case, the age of the patient, the aim/absence of certain medical conditions, and how right away DKA is recognized and how effectively it is inured. If the condit ion is straightaway diagnosed and decently treated, the mortality invest send word be 250 mg/dL) metabolic acidosis ( broth pH ? . 30) and an high-minded aim of melodic line rip serum ketones ( 5 meq/L) and/or ketones in the urine. 11 Patients will in addition keep up an anion opening (Na+ Cl- + HCO3-), an high-minded store urea newton (BUN), hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, and the serum amylase whitethorn be elevated. The numerate personate phosphate level whitethorn be low but the serum level may be linguistic rule or elevated. At this time, there is no universally agreed upon consensus for the symptomatic criteria of DKA, and about sources feel that an anion gap 10-12 meq/L and serum bicarbonate (HCO3) ? 8 milliequivalent/L should be break apart of the criteria. learn break up Some authors feel that most important test for diagnosing DKA is sum blood ketone concentration. 12,13 The acidosis and hyperglycemia of DKA and the electrolyte changes that are s o commonly seen in DKA are well related. The commute in metabolism and the full(prenominal) concentration of acidic ketones seen in cases of DKA produces a metabolic acidosis. Acidosis and insulin deficiency causes special K to gaolbreak from the intracellular billet to the extracellular space and serum hyperkalemia is common.However, the osmotic diuresis that is characteristic of DKA causes grand to be excreted in the urine although the serum thou level may be high, the patient may be deeply depleted. Sodium and phosphate are excessively excreted by the osmotic diuresis, and hyponatremia is common. However, the serum phosphate level is ofttimes falsely normal or falsely elevated because phosphate, ilk super C, is excreted in the urine but acidosis induces phosphate to move from the intracellular space to the extracellular space.The serum level index be normal, but the actual total torso load is low. Learning Break The serum glucose merchantman be very elevated in seve re cases of DKA. However, serum glucose good deal be close to normal, and approximately 10% of patients with DKA will be euglycemic with a serum glucose ? 250 mg/dL. 14 COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS Patients who stupefy diabetic ketoacidosis that is instantly recognized and promptly and correctly treated should survive. The complications of DKA are complications of treatment and cerebral edema.Treatment complications are hypoglycemia, hyperkalemia, and occasionally pulmonary edema. These mess be avoided by using low-dose insulin therapy, monitoring blood glucose very closely, and by handlefully managing liquified renewal. Cerebral edema is a very serious complication of DKA. It occurs in approximately 1% of all children with DKA, but the mortality rate and the rate of neurological sequelae for these children perk up both been reported to be 21%, and the mortality rate and rate of sequelae contribute be as high as 24% and 26% respectively15,16 Adults with DKA rarely become cerebral edema. 7 Signs and symptoms include intellectual experimental condition changes, bradycardia, seizures, abnormal response to pain, and decorticate and decerebrate posturing. TREATMENT FOR DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS The most important treatments for DKA are fluid replacement, insulin therapy, and correcting electrolyte balances. nurse baseline serum electrolytes, BUN, creatinine, serum glucose, an arterial or venous blood shoot a line (either one is admit), a complete blood count, an ECG, and a CXR. Consider different laboratory studies if DKA is thought to be caused by an vestigial disease. Fluid replacement Fluid replacement will replace the fluid deficit, assist simplification the blood glucose level, and maintain renal function. If the patient is severely hypovolemic, lend 1 litre of 0. 9% atomic number 11 chloride over 30 minutes. If the patient is mildly dehydrated, defend the serum atomic number 11. If it is normal or high, enforce 0. 45% sodium chlo ride IV at a rate of 250-500 mL/h. If the serum sodium is low, give 0. 9% sodium chloride IV at a rate of 15-20 mL/kg per minute of arc. formerly the blood glucose is approximately dickens hundred mg/dL, a solution of % dextrose with 0. 45% sodium chloride dismiss be used. 18Learning Break In the first minute of arc of treating a patient with DKA, fluid replacement is more important than insulin therapy and should take precedent. 19,20 Insulin therapy Insulin is a critical part perhaps the critical part of the treatment of DKA. It can be given as an IV infusion or frequent subcutaneous injections they are equally effective. Most clinicians prefer the IV route as the onset of put through is quicker and the half-life is shorter with the IV route than the onset of action of and half-life of insulin given subcutaneously because of that, therapy can be closely monitored.The American Diabetes stand recommends giving an initial IV bolus of unremitting insulin, 0. 1 U/kg. (Note If the serum thousand is 3. 3 milliequivalent/L insulin should not be given). Following the bolus dose, start a free burning IV infusion of uninterrupted insulin at a rate of 0. 1 U/kg/h. An alternative is to escape the bolus dose and start a continuous IV infusion of regular insulin at a rate of 0. 14 U/kg/h. If the serum glucose does not decrease by 10% within an hour of starting the insulin, give 0. 14 U/kg as a bolus dose, indeed continue the IV infusion.Once the serum glucose is 200 mg/dL, reduce the insulin dose to 0. 02-0. 05 U/kg/h or give subcutaneous doses of rapid-acting insulin, 0. 1 U/kg either two hours. The goal at this point is to keep the serum glucose in the midst of 150-200 mg/dL. 21 0. 1 U/kg IV bolus v 0. 1 U/kg/hr * v When serum glucose 200 mg/dL, decrease infusion to 0. 02-0. 05 U/kg/h v Keep serum glucose between 150-200 mg/dL until DKA resolves * If serum glucose doesnt v by at to the lowest degree 10% in the 1st hour of insulin therapy, give an IV bolus of 0. 14 U/kg and adjust the infusion. Correcting electrolyte imbalances If the serum super C is 3. 3 mEq/L, do not start insulin therapy and give 20-30 mEq of potassium per hour until the serum level is 3. 3 mEq/L. Fluid replacement and insulin therapy overturn blood sugar and correct acidosis and they also move potassium into the cells. If the serum potassium is 3. 3 mEq/L, serious arrhythmias could result. Once the hypokalemia has been corrected, insulin therapy can be started, and 20-30 mEq of potassium can be added to each liter of IV solution in enounce to maintain a serum potassium level between 4. -5. 0 mEq/L. Learning Break Serum glucose and serum potassium should be checked every hour until the patient is stable. Two other considerations for treatment are administering sodium bicarbonate to help correct the acidosis and replacing phosphate losses. Using sodium bicarbonate is controversial. sinful acidosis can decrease myocardial contractility, can cause and prolong coma, shifts the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right, and so forth , so correcting an acidosis would contain the appearance _or_ semblance important. However, there are risks involved (e. g. make tree trunk hypokalemia worse, cerebral edema), there are some(prenominal) clinical studies that indicate sodium bicarbonate therapy is not effective for patients with DKA, and for umteen patients the acidosis will correct with fluids and insulin and because they perplex suitable stores of bicarbonate. 22 The use of sodium bicarbonate should not be standard feel for for DKA. However, the American Diabetes Association does recommend that if a patient has a severe acidosis with a pH 6. 9, the patent should receive deoxycytidine monophosphate mEq of NaHCO3 in 400 mL IV fluid along with 20 mEq of potassium chloride this should be infused at 200 mL/h.Repeat this every two hours until the pH is ? 7. 0. 23 Low phosphate levels will usually correct as the hyperglycemia and acidosis are corrected, and phosphate replacement is not standard care for DKA. However, if the phosphate is very low 1. 0 mg/dL or the patient has anemia, cardiac disease, or hypoxia, 20-30 mEq of phosphate can be given. 24,25 SWITCHING TO SUBCUTANEOUS INSULIN diabetic ketoacidosis is considered to be resolved when the blood glucose is 200 mg/dL and at least two of these laboratory set are present a venous pH 7. 3, an anion gap 12 mEq/L, and a serum bicarbonate level 15. mEq/L. 26 If these laboratory value are present and the patient can eat, it is safe to start subcutaneous insulin. intravenous insulin should be continued for one to two hours after the first dose of subcutaneous insulin has been given. If this is not done, hyperglycemia and ketosis may recur. NURSING CARE, PREVENTION AND EDUCATION When providing care for a patient in the slap-up phase of DKA, the nurse should focus on hydration status/fluid replacement, monitoring of acid-base status, serum glucose, and serum electrolytes, close observation of the patients neurological status, and vital signs.Once a case of DKA has resolved it is important to know why it happened. Infections, medical conditions, and drugs are common causes of DKA. However, one of the most important causes of DKA is patient non-compliance with diabetic treatment regimens patients do not take their medication or do not take them properly, they erupt to observe their prescribed diet and lifestyle plans, and they do not or cannot understand the bedrock of self-care and prevention as they relate to diabetes.If non-compliance was the cause of a particular case of DKA, it is very important to determine why the non-compliance occurred, and there many possible reasons. Some of the more common ones are Poor introduction to medical care The patient may not have access to health care cultivation, may not have easy access to a physician, clinic, etc. , may not have or not know how to use society or public access hea lth care resources. The patient may not have money for medications. Lack of information The patient may have a poor brain of diabetes, and the patient may not understand the treatment regimens that have been prescribed. Lack of information can be damaging in many ways. If the patient doesnt understand the disease of diabetes, he/she might be less involuntary to comply with lifestyle and diet restrictions and less willing to take medications. The patient would not recognize possible warning signals of DKA. aroused issues For many people, diabetes requires lifestyle changes that they may not be willing to emotionally accept.Learning Break Although it may be said that non-compliance happens when the patient fails to provide good self-care, the word fail typically has a negative connotation. Also, when many people hear the term non-compliance, they imagine of a person willfully weakness to do what he/she knows is best. However, there are many cases of non-compliance that happen be cause the patient has not been properly educated, or doesnt have or doesnt know how to push the resources he/she needs.So when it has been determined that non-compliance was the cause of a particular case of DKA, interview the patient and find out a) the emotional uphold of diabetes on the patients life, b) how much he/she knows about the disease and the treatments, and c) what financial, medical, personal, and cordial resources the patient has available for self-treatment. Some of these issues moldiness be addressed by kindly workers, psychologists, or the patients physician. However, nurses have a primary role in supporting and educating patients who have had an incident of DKA related to on-compliance. The nurse will often be the first person to find out that the patient did not seek medical attention for an contagion because of financial concerns, or due to inability to each a physician, or because of a lack of understanding of the implications of infection in diabetes. The nurse must then discuss making the appropriate referrals and then set up a teaching plan. Some of the nursing diagnoses that might apply in theses situations would be disturbed nutrition, noncompliance, knowledge deficient, and risk for injury. SUMMARY diabetic ketoacidosis is a metabolic disturbance characterized by hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis, and elevated body ketone concentrations. The basic cause of DKA is insulin deficiency, absolute or relative. The insulin deficiency most often occurs because of infection or non-compliance with diabetic treatment regimens. supererogatory hormone concentration and a metabolic shift are the pathogenic mechanisms that cause the signs and symptoms of DKA. The hormone concentrations cause hyperglycemia, and the metabolic shift causes acidosis and elevated body ketones. The basic diagnostic criteria for DKA are a blood glucose 250 mg/dL, a serum pH 7. 3, and elevated serum and/or urine ketone concentrations. separate important cri teria are an anion gap 10-12 mEq/L and serum bicarbonate (HCO3) ? 18 mEq/L. Hyperkalemia and hyponatremia are common in DKA. Hypophosphatemia can be seen. However, the total body load of potassium and phosphate is often low. Common signs and symptoms include dehydration, mental status changes, polydipsia, polyuria, vomiting, weakness, and weight loss. Complications of DKA include complications caused by treatment and cerebral edema. Treatment for DKA should focus on fluid replacement, insulin therapy, and correcting electrolyte abnormalities. Sodium bicarbonate is not standard care. If DKA if promptly recognized and properly an aggressively treated, patients should survive. REFERENCES 1. Wilson JF. In the clinic diabetic ketoacidosis. recital of internal Medicine. 2010 152ITC-1-ITC-16. 2. Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, fisher cat JN. Hyperglycemic crises in boastful patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009321335-1343. 3. Wolfsdorf J, Glaser N, Sperling MA.diabetic ketoacidosis in infants, children, and adolescents a consensus pedagogy from the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2006291150-1159. 4. Hamdy O. diabetic ketoacidosis. eMedicine. September 9, 2009. in stock(predicate) at http//emedicine. medscape. com/ denomination/118361. Accessed celestial latitude 24, 2010. 5. Hamdy O. Diabetic ketoacidosis. eMedicine. September 9, 2009. Available at http//emedicine. medscape. com/ article/118361. Accessed December 24, 2010, 6. Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN. Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009321335-1343. . Rucker DW. Diabetic ketoacidosis. eMedicine. June 4, 2010. Available at http//emedcine. medscape. com/article/766275. Accessed December 24, 2010. 8. Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN. Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009321335-1343. 9. Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, potato MB, Barrett EJ et al. Management of hyperglycemic crises in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 200124131-153. 10. Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN. Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009321335-1343. 11. Hamdy O.Diabetic ketoacidosis. eMedicine. September 9, 2009. Available at http//emedicine. medscape. com/article/118361. Accessed December 24, 2010. 12. Wilson JF. In the clinic Diabetic ketoacidosis. story of Internal Medicine. 2010 152ITC-1-ITC-16. 13. Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN. Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009321335-1343. 14. Miles JM, Gehrich JE. Glucose and ketone body kinetics in diabetic ketoacidosis. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 19831303-319. 15. Glaser NS, Wooton-Gorges SL, Buonocore MH, Marcin JP, Rewers A, vocal J. et al. Frequency of sub-clinical cerebral edema in children with diabetic ketoacidosis. Pediatric Diabetes. 2006775-80. 16. Wolfsdorf J, Glaser N, Sperling MA. Diabetic ketoacidosis in infants, ch ildren, and adolescents a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2006291150-1159. 17. Haringhuizen A, Tjan DHT, Grool A, caravan Vugt R, van Zanten ARH. Fatal cerebral oedema in adult diabetic ketoacidosis. The Netherlands journal of Medicine. 20106835-37. 18. Wilson JF. In the clinic Diabetic ketoacidosis. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2010 152ITC-1-ITC-16. 19.Goyal N, Miller JB, Sankey SS, Mossallam U. Utility of initial bolus insulin in treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. Journal of apprehension Medicine. 201038422-427. 20. Rucker DW. Diabetic ketoacidosis. eMedicine. June 4, 2010. Available at http//emedcine. medscape. com/article/766275. Accessed December 24, 2010. 21. Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN. Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009321335-1343. 22. Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN. Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009321335-1343. 23.Wi lson JF. In the clinic Diabetic ketoacidosis. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2010 152ITC-1-ITC-16. 24. Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Fisher JN, Murphy NB, Stentz FB. Thirty years of personal catch in hyperglycemic crises diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2008931541-1552. 25. Wilson JF. In the clinic Diabetic ketoacidosis. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2010 152ITC-1-ITC-16. 26. Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN. Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009321335-1343.

DEVELOPING STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP SKILLS Essay

IntroductionLeadership and management, these are two words we use on daily basis. But the questions like how do we realise good leaders, what qualities, attitude, style and behaviour do they exhibit, are frequent. The ability to lead is not connected to education, although most leaders what are intelligent people. Many qualities required for a leader are also possessed by managers.Although it is unique to everyone there are a total number of common ways.I think, by developing our leadership skills, we are assured a more rewarding and successful career. There is no doubt that, leadership potential can be developed. With commitment, effort and practice, anybody can move beyond the skills you how are born with to be an excellent leader.â€Å"The most dangerous leadership myth is that leaders are born—that there is a genetic factor to leadership.Leadership differs to direction.

Bennis. Globalisation has resulted in diversity. To maximise contribution, each organisation and its managers are now challenged with creating inclusive cold working environment. They need to understand effective leadership style and culture to build trust and effective relationship.There are various means of considering leadership, that vary extract from focusing on the character traits of leadership that is excellent to highlighting facets of the scenario that help determine how folks lead.The strategies how that were effective yesterday are not necessarily effective in the same situation today†-QuinnLook more:  strategic management process essayIn order to face the growing competition in the market, it is very urgent for organisations to build potential leader. Developing strategic management and leadership skills should be a part of organisations’ actions.1.1 Explain the link between strategic management wired and leadership Strategic Management consists of t he analysis of any organisation, decision making and necessary actions in order to create and sustain competitive advantages.It is merely one of many other assets a thriving manager must possess.

Usually it is considered as the responsibility for the overall direction of the organization sums up what strategic management is all about. It can consider also define as the process of identifying and executing the organisation’s strategic goals (mission, vision and objectives) by matching its capabilities with the demand of its environment.Strategic senior management contains a set of managerial decisions. Leadership is the ability of a person to get other willingly to follow.Its something which is accomplished when a individual motivates individuals in a group.Equally, a good leader free will also be a manager. Majority of practical people are interested primarily in what they have to do, and not whether it should be labelled ‘leadership’ or ‘management’ or both. â€Å"It is very true that I have said that I considered Napoleon’s presence in the field equal to forty thousand other men in the balance† —Duke of Wellington. Difference between strategic management and leadershipManagement| Leadership|Intended to plan, organize, co-ordinate and evaluate| Job is to inspire and motivate| management administrate the organisation| Leaders innovate | senior Management tries to maintain the organisation| Leaders tries to develop| Focused on system and structure| Focuses on people|They focus on the present situation | They look towards future| React to problems logical and issues| Proactive to issues and problem| Prefer to control| Knows how to delegate|Minimising risk| Taking risk|  There are thousands of examples for leaders in the world.Leadership and top management arent synonymous.

2 Analysis of impact of management and leadership styles on strategic decision There are different leadership and management styles. Different various styles work well in different situations. They are based on different assumptions and theories. Strategic decisions taken by leaders depend upon their style.Leaders that are supportive understand and good sense women and men feel.2. Democratic styleThe leader involves employees in the decision making. This kind of style is usually appreciated by the employees or subordinate. how This style would bring problems in a situation where there are wide ranges of opinion and there is no well-defined way of taking the first final decision.They also need to make sure they manage change effectively.

Transactional leadershipThe assumption behind this kind of leadership is that people how are motivated by rewards and an organisation work well with a clear chain of command. This kind of leader works thorough creating all clear structures. Subordinates duty  will be well defined and also the reward they get for following the orders. Punishments are not always mentioned, but they how are also well-understood and formal systems of discipline are usually in place.Your leaders are the best factor on your companys capability.Transformational leaderThis style is based on the assumption deeds that employees will follow a leader who motivates them and a person with vision and passion can achieve anything. Transformation strong leadership start with the development of a vision, a view and path to future. That will excite and converter the employees. Transformational religious leaders are so committed always.Youre a pioneer, even in case you dont know it.

Understanding the situation 3. Applying appropriate skills and techniques.Leaders having different styles empty can have different levels of key elements. So the way and level in which they identify their personality can differ."Every leader has a certain style of political leadership thats innate.Especially when a strategic decision needs to made quickly. The impact of this style is for many people, this style feels harsh, a first great possibility of demotivation. Rest of people  assured leader can demonstrate consideration and compassion for team while using the Autocratic style, even though the team is not directly involved in the decision. There are situations in which leader wants input from employees or teams.Leaders are common now.

There is a more common thought that leaders who listen considerately to their follower’s opinion before making final decision get good result as compared to non-listeners. In the case of democratic style, the leader gives up ownership and control of a decision and allows the group to vote. Advantage of this own style is fairly fast decision, and an amount of group participation. No organisation or leader can implement a single style to deal with the multitude of decision that needs to be made during change process (Nancy, 2007).It could mean the folks who own and short run the company.Charismatic leadership style got few drawbacks. The complaint against Lord Browne was administration by media and business associates fuelled his charismatic new style and he ignored day to day core business activities.1.3 How leadership styles can be adopted to different situations? Success of an political organisation or a group dependent on the effectiveness of the leader.When employees are empowered theyre more prone to make decisions which are at the very best interest of the particular client and the organization also.

Leaders must be up to date of the situations. Leaders must be prepared to step in and show the way in all kind of situations.Different style can be adapted to different situations in relation to 1. Business- situations 2.Are such far more likely to reveal their very own loyalty the moment it matters.We know that high risk situation needs very strong and active direct involvement by the leader to keep it control. The people or team members: – In every organisation, there will have different different kind of employees or members.Differ by characters, talents, skills, attitude etc. identifying the team members is a tough task.IT leadership theory Learn the best way to be.

He made a resolution to transform GE into one of the world biggest firm. With his unique leadership style and character, Welch made history during his 2-decade journey at GE. His way of leading was based on some concepts. Lead, not manage:- according to him political leadership can be found in as long as they come up with good ideas and can energize rather than depress and control.Face reality: – good company was losing its market values and there was too much bureaucracy when Jack Welch joined the company. He realised the social realities and brought out strategies and  initiatives that made things better. Simplify the business: – his goal at GE was simplify the business. He didn’t think deeds that business had to be complicated.It can mean opportunities, good ideas, new business or new products (kevin, 2007). Lead by more energizing others, not managing by authority: – Welch called his leadership ideal ‘boundary less’, which means an open organization, free of bureaucracy logical and anything that prevents the free flow of ideas, people and decisions (kevin, 2007). His choice was inspiring others to perform well. red Lead by doing- one of the leadership style adapted by GEInformation technology is critical to the future of GE.The basic assumption behind the theory is that individual characteristics’ make how them suitable leaders only in certain situations. Each situation requires a leader to vary behaviour to fit the conditions. In other words, there is no right or wrong way in leading all the time. Fred Fiedler’s contingency theoryIn 1967, Fred Fiedler proposed his contingency theory.

According to Fielder, the direct relationship oriented style is more effective in situations which are intermediate in favourableness. When an intermediate situation is present, the leader can self help to build confidence and cohesion by focusing on the personal needs of the individuals (Henman, 2007). Hersey and Blanchard theoryIt is another situational theory. This economic theory was introduced 10 year after Fiedler’s theory.That is, followers are not mature or immature in any total or chronological sense; rather, they have varying degrees of maturity depending on knowledge of or experience with a specific goal (Henman, 2007). Leader-style theoryThis theory was introduced by Vroom and Yetton. They explain the different ways leader can make decisions and necessary following guidelines for leader in order to determine the extent to which subordinate should participated in decision making. Charismatic leadershipCharisma, as explained by Max Weber, is a certain good qual ity of individual personality, by virtue of which he or she is apart from ordinary people and treated as a personality with exceptional power or qualities.An effective leader needs to diagnose the needs and wants of followers and then react accordingly.The impact of different theories of management on organisational strategy will be different. giant IBM needs extraordinary leaders who can create high-performance work climates and foster employee engagement; people who not only succeed but enable others to as well. A disciplined process of identifying and developing high achievers and leaders has been a main stone of IBM’s strategy to regain market political leadership in the IT industry.As Fiedler explained, task oriented leaders are very effective when conditions are favourable or unfavourable. When conditions are favourable, members relations how are strong, there is a positive relation between team and leader. Hence new strategies can bring and work it out well so easily. In unfavourable certain circumstances or in stressful situations, a leader’s structure and control can remove undesirable ambiguity and the anxiety that goes with it.

2.2 Create a leadership strategy that support organisational direction Leadership strategy for General ElectricsThe General Electric Company, or GE, is an American multinational conglomerate corporation incorporated in New York. Company operates in five sectors via energy, technology infrastructure, capital finance, consumer andindustrial.It old has been almost a decade since Jack Welch retired as GE’s chairman and CEO, the brain behind the success of GE.If we consider their way in which they lead, and how their decisions, it is clear that they preferred transformational leadership style. Even though both used the same style, Jack Welch had been more opposite extreme than his successor. Leadership strategy: – choosing a best leadership style is the major step in leadership strategy. Leadership at company such like GE is very crucial.It is concerned with emotions, values, ethics, standards, and long-term goals and includes assessing followers’ motives, satis fying their needs, and treating them as full human beings†- (Northouse). The reason behind the selection of this leadership style is this style motivates the followers. The leader and followers are full well aligned in this system. A transformational leader can motivate the followers by setting challenging goals.We have seen the different leadership style and their impact on organisation. Even though, no particular leadership style is better always. It depends on the situations. The best style GE can use is transformational leadership because of based its unique advantages.

The leaders should have collective capabilities like providing direction, motivate the followers, engaging employees in decision making and to gain their active support in implementing planned cross-functional actions, implementing successful innovations, adapting to change, ensuring transparency just like former leaders, developing talents logical and being responsive to customers like Jeffrey Immlet. Since the corporate strategy is becoming more global, it require greater cultural sensitivity among leaders, enhanced representation of different geographies at top level, enhanced language skills to enable cross cultural relationships and greater understanding of local laws and business arrangement in strategy making.3.1 Use appropriate different methods to review current leadership requirement We know the important of leaders.These programs build perfect foundation for accelerating  learning and development in a particular domain, from commercial to operations, from human res ources to information management, from finance and communications to modern technology (GE, Leadership Programs, 2013).There are more than 300,000 employees in GE. The company operates through different sector. GE consistently ranks as the most admired and respected new company in the world.CEO of GE believes that ideal situation for a global firm was to have its factory on a barge that you could first move around the world to wherever it was the best competitive environment at the time. Their strategy is to expand business globally, instead of just looking for alliances.Fast moving anti Globalisation opens new opportunities for a global firm like GE. Hence leadership requirement at GE is tremendous.But they need leaders not only in quantity great but also in quality.3.2 Plan for the development of future situations requiring leadership Requirement of leaders in the GE increases. Leaders are logical not only required in the top level but also in the various bottom levels also.

Leadership Programs: – GE has various leadership programs. As part of their strategy to achieve commercial excellence and drive organic growth, they are developing a pipeline of strong sales logical and marketing leaders at GE through  the Commercial Leadership Program (CLP).CLP offers a curriculum that boosts the development of commercial skills and various techniques that are critical to success in all GE businesses. CLP prepares candidates for a successful career in sales or first commercial operations by providing the opportunity to learn about GE’s products, industry, and customers while making valuable contributions to the on-going success of GE.As compared to their profit growth, they need more to build leadership qualities in their employees. Human resource leadership program: – In GE’s Human Resources Leadership Program people are gaining real-world business experience, contributing to GE businesses and getting in first line for HR leaders hip roles across the company.HRLPs can build countless HR leaders within GE. Experienced commercial leadership programs: – The Experienced Commercial Leadership Program (ECLP) prepares time MBA graduates and experienced professionals for GE leadership roles in marketing and sales.But under certain specific condition, they need specific skills. The more basic skill required for leaders are explained below.Integrity: – this is the basic quality of a leader. This quality makes people trust the leader.They can speak openly logical and accurately about their limitations. Self-regulation: – People who are in control of their feelings and sudden  temptation are able to create an environment of public trust and fairness. Appropriate self-regulators are usually thoughtful and resist making impulsive decisions. These are definite qualities of a good leader.

Communication skills: – to deliver leader’s idea properly, private communication skill is very necessary. A good communicator can pay attention and listen carefully. Lead by example: – One of the best ways to red lead is by example – use where needed, lending a helping hand, and making sure that the work you do is clearly understood by apply your team. Leadership skills strataplex: –Leadership skill requirements are often described as being stratified by organizational level.They are comprised of those skills related to basic cognitive capacities, such as collecting, processing, and disseminating information and learning and are the fundamental skills required for a large portion of the activities in which political leaders are engaged (Mumford, 2007) .These skills include skills like oral communication, written communication, ability to learn and adapt etc. 2. Interpersonal SkillsThese are skill relating to interacting keyword with and influe ncing others.Strategic SkillsStrategic skill requirements are highly conceptual skills needed to take a systems perspective to understand complexity, deal with ambiguity, and to  effect political influence in the organization (Mumford, 2007). This includes skills for planning, visioning etc. â€Å"Leaders are not born, they are grown†- this is the word by the heavenly father of management, Peter Drucker. Leadership ability is not an inborn skill most times.1. Entry level program or Commercial leadership program (CLP) is an example for it. The CLP is a 12 to 24 month program that develops marketing and sales skills through a strong very core curriculum and challenging assignments. 2.

The ECLP program consists of three, eight-month rotational assignments within the marketing and sales functions of one of GE’s businesses (GE, Experienced Program, 2013).4. normal Operation management Leadership program (OMLP): OMLP accelerates development of entry-level talent and produces leaders capable of meeting the challenges facing the Operations, Supply Chain, Manufacturing logical and Quality functions at GE (GE, Entry level program, 2013).4.Commercial leadership program (CLP) provides candidates with valuable training, personal experience and exposure to a team of motivated colleagues and helpful mentors that can accelerate their careers. HRLP (Human Resource Leadership program) has created countless generations of HR leaders at GE. The program continues today and still focuses on taking talented people, providing forgive them with globally diverse challenging experiences, and developing them into world-class HR leaders. Candidates will have formal training, ro tation, seminars, business molecular simulations and community service activities.Another way of developing leadership skills is to get familiar with your followers. It will great help you in understanding their feelings and their needs, which in turn will help you in managing preventing their needs. Different plan for the development leadership skills includes conducting seminar, training programs, meetings, job rotations etc.ConclusionThis assignment is used to explain the important link between strategic management and leadership.Style should be adapted according to the business situation, team members and culture of the organisation. Different leadership theories are discussed in the assignment. Situational theories and contingency theories have been applied. The situations in which different theories can be applied are explained.

In this competitive world, organisation best can only sustain if and only if they can bring strong leaders.There are different ways of enhancing the leadership skills for future requirements. And there should be a plan of developing these skills. The new plan should cover all the current and  future needs for leadership and is helpful in the overall progress of the organization.Leadership style : A powerful model. TJ. Derue, S. (2011).Entry level program. Retrieved 2013, from www.ge.com: http://www.Retrieved may 5, 2013, from www.ge.com: http://www.ge.

ge.com: http://www.ge.com/careers/culture/university-students/experienced-commercial-leadership-program/india GE.com: http://www.ge.com/careers/culture/university-students/experienced-commercial-leadership-program/india GE. (2013).ge.com/careers/culture/university-students/information-technology-leadership-program/india GE. (2013, January 1). Leadership Programs.com/in/careers/leadership_program/index.html Goleman, D. (2004). Leadership That Gets Result.